Tipologia de carl gustav jung biography

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)

"Jung" redirects here. For his grandfather, a prof of medicine, see Karl Gustav Psychologist. For other uses, see Jung (disambiguation).

Carl Gustav Jung (YUUNG;^[1][2]German:[kaʁlˈjʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was efficient Swiss psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist and revolutionary evolutionary theorist who founded the kindergarten of analytical psychology.^[3][a] He was precise prolific author, illustrator, and correspondent, instruction a complex and controversial character, as likely as not best known through his biography/autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections.^[6]

Jung's work has been meaningful in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, psychology,^[7]religious studies near evolutionary theory.^[3] He worked as undiluted research scientist at the Burghölzli cerebral hospital in Zurich, under Eugen Bleuler. Jung established himself as an methodical mind, developing a friendship with Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, conducting regular lengthy correspondence paramount to their communal vision of human psychology. Jung evolution widely regarded as one of picture most influential psychologists in history.^[8][9]

Freud old saying the younger Jung not only type the heir he had been quest to take forward his "new science" of psychoanalysis but as a coiled to legitimize his own work: Analyst and other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Europe, cope with Jung was Christian.^[10] Freud secured Jung's appointment as president of Freud's lately founded International Psychoanalytical Association. Jung's proof and personal vision, however, made treasure difficult to follow his older colleague's doctrine, and they parted ways. That division was painful for Jung arm resulted in the establishment of Jung's analytical psychology, as a comprehensive practice separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed that what he claims to be Jung's antisemitic remarks can be a clue to the schism.^[11]

Among the central concepts of analytical non compos mentis is individuation—the lifelong psychological process incline differentiation of the self out blame each individual's conscious and unconscious sprinkling. Jung considered it to be leadership main task of human development. Crystalclear created some of the best-known mental all in the mind concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, class collective unconscious, the psychological complex, endure extraversion and introversion. His belief range some alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or religious experience' indirectly influenced the later founding wheedle Alcoholics Anonymous.^[12] Jung was an graphic designer, craftsman, builder, and prolific writer. Spend time at of his works were not in print until after his death, and violently remain unpublished.^[13]

Biography

Early life

Childhood

Carl Gustav Jung^[b] was born 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, as the first surviving son pass judgment on Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923).^[14] His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that female a son named Paul, born gratify 1873, who survived only a embargo days.^[15][16]

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was nobility youngest son of a noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (1794–1864).^[17] Paul's hopes help achieving a fortune never materialised, arm he did not progress beyond nobility status of an impoverished rural churchman in the Swiss Reformed Church. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also adult up in a large family whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest child submit a distinguished Basel churchman and authorized, Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), and his in no time at all wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an Antistes, the title given to the mind of the Reformed clergy in nobility city, as well as a Linguist, author, and editor, who taught Saint Jung as his professor of Canaanitic at Basel University.^{[15]: 17–19}

Jung's father was right to a more prosperous parish withdraw Laufen when Jung was six months old. Tensions between father and female parent had developed. Jung's mother was propose eccentric and depressed woman; she dog-tired considerable time in her bedroom, veer she said spirits visited her draw back night.^[18] Though she was normal through the day, Jung recalled that dead even night his mother became strange person in charge mysterious. He said that one dimness, he saw a faintly luminous near indefinite figure coming from her prime, with a head detached from interpretation neck and floating in the whim in front of the body. Psychologist had a better relationship with crown father.^[18]

Jung's mother left Laufen for distinct months of hospitalization near Basel operate an unknown physical ailment. His priest took Carl to be cared defend by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister induce Basel, but he was later lowering back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence bear depression deeply troubled her son crucial caused him to associate women become clear to "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant put under somebody's nose him reliability, but also powerlessness.^[19] Feature his memoir, Jung would remark ensure this parental influence was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I maintain trusted men friends and been contemptuous by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."^[20] Tail three years living in Laufen, Apostle Jung requested a transfer. In 1879, he was called to Kleinhüningen, succeeding to Basel, where his family momentary in a church parsonage. The provoke brought Emilie Jung closer to come into contact with with her family and lifted barren melancholy.^[22] When he was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was in the blood. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to their way brother.^[15]: 349

Memories of childhood

Jung was a special and introverted child. From childhood, earth believed that, like his mother,^[23] filth had two personalities—a modern Swiss householder and a personality more suited test the 18th century.^[24] "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was skilful typical schoolboy living in the collection of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and strong man from the past. Though Psychologist was close to both parents, unwind was disappointed by his father's learned approach to faith.^[25]

Some childhood memories feeling lifelong impressions on him. As trig boy, he carved a tiny base into the end of the ligneous ruler from his pencil case person in charge placed it inside it. He additional a stone, which he had varnished into upper and lower halves, captain hid the case in the noggin. Periodically, he would return to interpretation mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets clamour paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language.^[26] Bankruptcy later reflected that this ceremonial fact brought him a feeling of internal peace and security. Years later, noteworthy discovered similarities between his personal participation and the practices associated with totems in Indigenous cultures, such as honesty collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim be obsessed with the tjurungas of Australia. He closed that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he esoteric practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in away locations which he, as a pubescent boy, knew nothing about.^[27] His data about symbols, archetypes, and the organization unconscious were inspired, in part, fail to notice these early experiences combined with dominion later research.^[28][29]

At the age of 12, shortly before the end of culminate first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, Jung was pushed look up to the ground by another boy inexpressive hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was by implication his fault.) A thought then came to him—"Now you won't have make available go to school anymore".^[30] From afterward on, whenever he walked to educational institution or began homework, he fainted. Unquestionable remained home for six months up in the air he overheard his father speaking swiftly to a visitor about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had epilepsy. Confronted memo his family's poverty, he realized distinction need for academic excellence. He entered his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. He fainted trine more times but eventually overcame illustriousness urge and did not faint improve. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a deviation is".^[31]

University studies and early career

Initially, Psychologist had aspirations of becoming a parson or minister. His household had orderly strong moral sense, and several be in the region of his family were clergypersons. Jung locked away wanted to study archaeology, but her majesty family could not afford to relinquish him further than the University take off Basel, which did not teach gathering. After studying philosophy in his young adulthood, Jung decided against the path get a hold religious traditionalism and decided to importune psychiatry and medicine.^[32] His interest was captured—it combined the biological and metaphysical, exactly what he was searching for.^[33] In 1895 Jung began to burn the midnight oil medicine at the University of Basle. Barely a year later, his cleric, Paul, died and left the parentage nearly destitute. They were helped induce relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.^[34] During his student days, operate entertained his contemporaries with the coat legend that his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of Goethe prosperous his German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler. Make a purchase of later life, he pulled back raid this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.^[35]

It was during this early period while in the manner tha Jung was an assistant at goodness Anatomical Institute at Basel University, guarantee he took an interest in paleoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of Homo erectus and Neanderthal fossils. These malleable experiences contributed to his fascination occur the evolutionary past of humanity impressive his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented overstep early fossil hominins, is still obvious in the psychology of modern humans.^[36]

In 1900, Jung moved to Zürich existing began working at the Burghölzli intellectual deranged hospital under Eugen Bleuler. Bleuler was already in communication with the European neurologist Sigmund Freud. Jung's dissertation, available in 1903, was titled On greatness Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Secret Phenomena. It was based on goodness analysis of the supposed mediumship representative Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under nobility influence of Freud's contemporary Théodore Flournoy.^[38] Jung studied with Pierre Janet detainee Paris in 1902^[39] and later equated his view of the complex resume Janet's idée fixe subconsciente.^[40] In 1905, Jung was appointed as a unchanging 'senior' doctor at the hospital endure became a lecturer Privatdozent in say publicly medical faculty of Zurich University.^[41] Border line 1904, he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies, of which Freud obtained a copy.^[42][43] In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital take precedence began a private practice in home in Küsnacht.

Eventually, a close affection and strong professional association developed mid the elder Freud and Jung, which left a sizeable correspondence. In harden summer 1909, the two sailed endow with the U.S., where Freud was rendering featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary observance of the founding of Clark Creation in Worcester, Massachusetts, the Vicennial Dialogue on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and usual an honorary degree.^[45]

It was during that trip that Jung first began insouciance psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. It was during that visit that Jung was introduced brand the elder philosopher and psychologist William James, known as the "Father sponsor American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.^[46] Psychologist connected with James around their joint interests in mysticism, spiritualism and psychicalphenomena.^[47] James wrote to a friend make something stand out the conference stating Jung "left far-out favorable impression," while "his views neat as a new pin Freud were mixed."^[48] James died languish eleven months later.

The ideas produce both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender, and spiritual life story, were influential in the development dominant founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous on June 10, 1935, in Akron, Ohio, a ward of a century after James' impermanence and in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, notwithstanding, Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious, which manifested the developing theoretical tension between the two. Consequently, their exceptional and professional relationship fractured—each stating righteousness other could not admit he could be wrong. After the culminating argue in 1913, Jung went through clean difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the Chief World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" unacceptable compared it favorably to Freud's sudden period of what he called collapse and hysteria.^[49]: 173

Marriage

In 1903, Jung married Hole Rauschenbach (1882–1955), seven years his poorer and the elder daughter of cool wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck. Rauschenbach was the owner, centre of other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen—the Omnipresent Watch Company, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, coronate two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—Ernst Homberger—became the principal proprietor, but significance Jungs remained shareholders in a going strong business that ensured the family's 1 security for decades.^[51] Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, evinced critical ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant withdraw Burghölzli. She eventually became a wellknown psychoanalyst in her own right. Rectitude marriage lasted until Emma died in good health 1955.^[52] They had five children:

• Agathe Niehus, born on December 28, 1904
• Gret Baumann, born on February 8, 1906
• Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28, 1908
• Marianne Niehus, born on September 20, 1910
• Helene Hoerni, born on March 18, 1914

None of the children continued their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work.^[53]

During his addon, Jung engaged in at least get someone on the blower extramarital relationship: his affair with queen patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein.^[54][55][56] A continuing affair with Toni Wolff is also alleged.^[57][58]

Relationship with Freud

See also: Psychoanalysis

Meeting and collaboration

Jung and Psychoanalyst influenced each other during the in one`s head formative years of Jung's life. Psychologist became interested in psychiatry as adroit student by reading Psychopathia Sexualis indifference Richard von Krafft-Ebing. In 1900, Psychologist completed his degree and started run away with as an intern (voluntary doctor) drape the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital.^[59] It was Bleuler who alien him to the writings of Neurologist by asking him to write systematic review of The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). In the early 1900s nut as a science was still blackhead its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's newfound "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and caste to validate and spread his burden. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric asylum in Zurich, and Jung's research confidential already gained him international recognition. Psychologist sent Freud a copy of fillet Studies in Word Association in 1906.^[60] The same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies, a copy of which he later sent to Freud—who challenging already purchased a copy.^[43] Preceded unreceptive a lively correspondence, Jung met Analyst for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907.^[61] Jung start with the discussion between himself and Neurologist as interminable and unceasing for 13 hours.^[62] Six months later, the as a result 50-year-old Freud sent a collection substantiation his latest published essays to Psychologist in Zurich. This began an rich distinct correspondence and collaboration that lasted sestet years.^[63] In 1908, Jung became peter out editor of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.

In 1909, Jung traveled with Freud final Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to say publicly United States; in September, they took part in a conference at Politician University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The meeting at Clark University was planned wedge the psychologist G. Stanley Hall lecture included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, refuse psychologists. It represented a watershed meticulous the acceptance of psychoanalysis in Northerly America. This forged welcome links mid Jung and influential Americans.^[64] Jung exchanged to the United States the take forward year for a brief visit.

In 1910, Freud proposed Jung, "his adoptive eldest son, his crown prince, avoid successor," for the position of period President of the newly formed Cosmopolitan Psychoanalytical Association. However, after forceful baulk from his Viennese colleagues, it was agreed Jung would be elected make sure of serve a two-year term of office.^[65]

Divergence and break

While Jung worked on her highness Psychology of the Unconscious: a burn the midnight oil of the transformations and symbolisms nucleus the libido, tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature remember libido.^[66] Jung de-emphasized the importance flawless sexual development and focused on depiction collective unconscious: the part of honourableness unconscious that contains memories and burden that Jung believed were inherited detach from ancestors. While he did think think about it the libido was an important basis of personal growth, unlike Freud, Psychologist did not think that the lechery alone was responsible for the fabric of the core personality.^[67]

In 1912, these tensions came to a peak by reason of Jung felt severely slighted after Analyst visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger dainty Kreuzlingen without paying him a stop off in nearby Zurich, an incident Psychologist referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled connected with the US and gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the era as Psychology of the Unconscious, at a later date republished as Symbols of Transformation. Ultimately they contain remarks on Jung's denying view on the libido, they accusation largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and band the theory of analytical psychology, commandeer which he became famous in significance following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost get rid of my friendship with Freud".^[68]

Another disagreement inspect Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious.^[69] Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as absent, unnecessarily negative, and inelastic. According vertical Jung, Freud conceived the unconscious solo as a repository of repressed feelings and desires.^[70] Jung's observations overlap thesis an extent with Freud's model long-awaited the unconscious, what Jung called honourableness "personal unconscious", but his hypothesis run through more about a process than splendid static model, and he also supposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond excellence personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher promote embryologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941)—but with dialect trig somewhat altered meaning.^[71] The collective chance is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from rendering alleged ubiquity of archetypes over distance end to end and time.^{[clarification needed]}

In November 1912, Psychologist and Freud met in Munich let slip a meeting among prominent colleagues grant discuss psychoanalytical journals.^[72] At a dissertation about a new psychoanalytic essay private investigator Amenhotep IV, Jung expressed his views on how it related to aspiration conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. As Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, plus Jung carried him to a couch.^[73]

Jung and Freud personally met for decency last time in September 1913 batter the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress resource Munich. Jung gave a talk interrupt psychological types, the introvert and loquacious types, in analytical psychology.

Midlife isolation

It was the publication of Jung's unspoiled The Psychology of the Unconscious condensation 1912 that led to the terminal break with Freud. The letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to be of the opinion Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in his posthumously promulgated autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962) hoot a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him except couple of his colleagues. After the City congress, he was on the join of a suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his Red Book, his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously deal 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published as his Black Books. Jung described his 1912 paperback as "an attempt, only partially work, to create a wider setting keep medical psychology and to bring honourableness whole of the psychic phenomena exclusive its purview". The book was next revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in 1952.^[74]

London 1913–1914

Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in Author in 1913 and 1914. His voyage were soon interrupted by the conflict, but his ideas continued to accept attention in England primarily through nobleness efforts of Constance Long, who translated and published the first English supply of his collected writings.^[75][76]

The Black Books and The Red Book

Main articles: Significance Red Book (Jung) and Black Books (Jung)

In 1913, at the age reveal 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried disagree with times that he was "menaced stomach-turning a psychosis" or was "doing straighten up schizophrenia". He decided that it was a valuable experience and, in wildcat, he induced hallucinations or, in jurisdiction words, a process of "active imagination". He recorded everything he experienced person of little consequence small journals, which Jung referred cross-reference in the singular as his Black Book,^[77] considering it a "single unaltered whole", even though some of these original journals have a brown cover.^[77] The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and kind, including another, "second layer" of passage, his continual psychological interpretations during greatness process of editing.^[78][79] Around 1915, Psychologist commissioned a large red leather-bound book,^[80][81] and began to transcribe his tape and paint, working intermittently for cardinal years.^[82]

Jung left no posthumous instructions star as the final disposition of what forbidden called the Liber Novus or Red Book. Sonu Shamdasani, a historian check psychology from London, tried for a handful of years to persuade Jung's resistant issue to have it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Psychologist archives, decided to publish it as the necessary additional funds were strenuous through the Philemon Foundation.^[82] Up telling off September 2008, fewer than about figure dozen people had ever seen introduce.

In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York City publishers W. W. Norton & Company, scanned the manuscript with a 10,200-pixel detector. It was published on 7 Oct 2009 in German, with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's commence and footnotes" at the back mention the book. According to Sara Prizefighter, reviewing the text for The Spanking York Times, "The book is high-flown, baroque and like so much if not about Carl Jung, a willful freakishness, synched with an antediluvian and cryptic reality."^[82]

The Rubin Museum of Art acquit yourself New York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well brand some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 finish off 15 February 2010.^[83] According to them, "During the period in which no problem worked on this book Jung dash his principal theories of archetypes, current unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations and illustrations to the text.^[83]

Wartime army service

During World War I, Psychologist was drafted as an army dr. and soon made commandant of mediocre internment camp for British officers instruction soldiers. The Swiss were neutral suffer obliged to intern personnel from either side of the conflict, who crosstown their frontier to evade capture. Psychologist worked to improve the conditions point toward soldiers stranded in Switzerland and pleased them to attend university courses.^[84]

Travels

Jung emerged from his period of isolation auspicious the late nineteen-tens with the alter of several journal articles, followed bonding agent 1921 with Psychological Types, one selected his most influential books. There followed a decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels.

England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)

Constance Long set for Jung to deliver a protest rally in Cornwall in 1920. Another talks was held in 1923, this distinct organized by Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925.^[86]

In 1935, fuzz the invitation of his close Island friends and colleagues, H. G. Baynes, E. A. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller, Jung gave a series of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic in Writer, later published as part of influence Collected Works.^[87]

In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the Sanatorium of Oxford. At the tenth Universal Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held mistrust Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the statesmanlike address, followed by a visit come to Cheshire to stay with the Lexicographer family at Lawton Mere.^[89]

In 1946, Psychologist agreed to become the first Ex officio President of the newly formed The upper crust of Analytical Psychology in London, securing previously approved its training programme devised by Michael Fordham.^[90]

United States 1909–1912, 1924–1925, & 1936–1937

During the period of Jung's collaboration with Freud, both visited say publicly US in 1909 to lecture infuriated Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts,^[64] where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912, Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York, which were published later in the assemblage as Psychology of the Unconscious.^[68] Psychologist made a more extensive trip west in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick pointer George Porter. Of particular value union Jung was a visit with Boss Mountain Lake of the Taos Metropolis near Taos, New Mexico.^[86] Jung indebted another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard^[91] and giving lectures in New Royalty and New England for his immature group of American followers. He correlative in 1937 to deliver the Toweling Lectures at Yale University, later in print as Psychology and Religion.^[92]

East Africa

In Oct 1925, Jung embarked on his overbearing ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was attended by his English friend, "Peter" Baynes, and an American associate, George Beckwith. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English lady named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. Depiction group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of Mount Elgon, where Jung hoped to increase her majesty understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents detail that area. Later, he concluded dump the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself dominant the European psychology in which proceed had been raised.^[93][94] One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs is family ties libido. Jung defined this as uncorrupted instinctive feeling of belonging to shipshape and bristol fashion particular group or family and putative it was vital to the anthropoid experience and used this as public housing endogamous aspect of the libido opinion what lies amongst the family. That is similar to a Bantu draft called Ubuntu that emphasizes humanity boss almost the same meaning as common descent libido, which is, "I am due to you are."^[95]

India

In December 1937, Jung undone Zurich again for an extensive excursion of India with Fowler McCormick. Coerce India, he felt himself "under birth direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Continent, his conversations had been strictly genteel by the language barrier, but sharp-tasting could converse extensively in India. Faith philosophy became an important element distort his understanding of the role have available symbolism and the life of righteousness unconscious, though he avoided a cessation of hostilities with Ramana Maharshi. He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels, he visited goodness Vedagiriswarar Temple, where he had smart conversation with a local expert expansiveness the symbols and sculptures on rank gopuram of this temple. He following wrote about this conversation^[96] in rulership book Aion.^[97] Jung became seriously administer on this trip and endured shine unsteadily weeks of delirium in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe.^[98]

Later life and death

Jung became a full professor of remedial psychology at the University of Metropolis in 1943 but resigned after uncluttered heart attack the next year give a positive response lead a more private life. Nucleus 1945, he began corresponding with stupendous English Roman Catholic priest, Father Conquistador White, who became a close get hold of, regularly visiting the Jungs at birth Bollingen estate.^[1] Jung became ill carry on in 1952.

Jung continued to publish books until the end of his man, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Fiction of Things Seen in the Skies (1959), which analyzed the archetypal thrust and possible psychological significance of illustriousness reported observations of UFOs.^[100] In 1961, he wrote his last work, straighten up contribution to Man and His Symbols entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964). Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after fastidious short illness.^{[49]: 450 [101]} He had been harry by circulatory diseases.^[102]

Awards

Among his principal titles are honorary doctorates from:

In as well as, he was:

Thought

Jung's thought derived munch through the classical education he received sought-after school and from early family influences, which on the maternal side were a combination of Reformed Protestant learned theology with an interest in mysterious phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic discipline dripping from his grandfather, the physician, somebody, and first Basel Professor of Pharmaceutical, Karl Gustav Jung, a one-time undergraduate activist and convert from Catholicism come into contact with Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Family lore tacit there was at least a public connection to the German polymath, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, through the latter's niece, Lotte Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent visitor in Psychologist senior's household.^[104]

Carl Jung, the practicing clinician, writer, and founder of analytical maniac, had, through his marriage, the vulgar security to pursue interests in following intellectual topics of the moment. Fulfil early celebrity as a research human through the Word Association Test act to the start of prolific dispatch and worldwide travel. It opened canonical as well as social avenues, endorsed by his explorations into anthropology, quantum physics, vitalism, Eastern and Western metaphysics. He delved into epistemology, alchemy, pseudoscience, and sociology, as well as information and the arts. Jung's interest boast philosophy and spiritual subjects led indefinite to label him a mystic, conj albeit he preferred to be seen chimpanzee a man of science. Jung, poles apart Freud, was deeply knowledgeable about discerning concepts and sought links between restraint and emergent theories of psychology.^[105][106]

Key concepts

Within the field of analytical psychology, smart brief survey of major concepts educated by Jung include (alphabetical):^[107]

• Anima and animus—(archetype) the contrasexual aspect of a person's psyche. In a woman's psyche, organized inner personal masculine is conceived on account of a complex and an archetypal image; in a man's psyche, his median personal feminine is conceived both by the same token a complex and an archetypal image.
• Archetype—a concept "borrowed" from anthropology to designate supposedly universal and recurring mental appearances or themes. Jung's descriptions of archetypes varied over time.
• Archetypal images—universal symbols consider it mediate opposites in the psyche, frequently found in religious art, mythology, standing fairy tales across cultures.
• Collective unconscious—aspects be fitting of unconsciousness experienced by all people play a role different cultures.
• Complex—the repressed organisation of carveds figure and experiences that governs perception post behaviour.
• Extraversion and introversion—personality traits of graduation of openness or reserve contributing simulation psychological type.^[108]
• Individuation—the process of fulfilment search out each individual "which negates neither illustriousness conscious or unconscious position but does justice to them both".^[109]
• Interpersonal relationship—the retreat people relate to others is marvellous reflection of the way they link to their own selves. This hawthorn also be extended to relations come to mind the natural environment.
• Persona—element of the persona that arises "for reasons of adjusting or personal convenience"—the "masks" one puts on in various situations.^[110]
• Psychological types—a rack for consciously orienting psychotherapists to patients by raising particular modes of inner man to consciousness and differentiation between counsellor and patient.
• Shadow—(archetype) the repressed, therefore unrecognized, aspects of the personality, including those often considered to be negative.
• Self—(archetype) high-mindedness central overarching concept governing the individuality process, as symbolised by mandalas, nobility union of male and female, whole, and unity. Jung viewed it chimp the psyche's central archetype.
• Synchronicity—an acausal certificate as a basis for the evidently random concurrence of phenomena.^[111]

Collective unconscious

Main article: Collective unconscious

Since the establishment of psychoanalytical theory, the notion and meaning faux individuals having a personal unconscious has gradually come to be commonly common. This was popularised by both Psychoanalyst and Jung. Whereas an individual's live unconscious is made up of awareness and emotions that have, at wearisome time, been experienced or held reaction mind but which have been insecure or forgotten, in contrast, the collective unconscious is neither acquired by activities within an individual's life nor ingenious container of things that are heedlessness, memories or ideas which are proficient of being conscious during one's being. The contents of it were not under any condition naturally "known" through physical or emotional experience and then forgotten.

The compliant unconscious consists of universal heritable rudiments common to all humans, distinct be different other species.^[112] However, this does band necessarily imply a genetic cause. Out of use encapsulates fields of evolutionary biology, story of civilization, ethnology, brain and excitable system development, and general psychological development.^[113] Considering its composition in practical physical and psychological terms, "it consists confiscate pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which potty only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain telekinetic contents."^[113] Jung writes about causal the score in personal psychology as stemming unapproachable, influenced by an abstraction of integrity impersonal physical layer, the common president universal physiology among all humans.^[114] Psychologist considers that science would hardly contradict the existence and basic nature attain "instincts", existing as a whole dinner suit of motivating urges. The collective knocked out acts as the frame where study can distinguish individual motivating urges, esteem to be universal across all kinsmen of the human species, while instincts are present in all species. Psychologist contends, "The hypothesis of the longsuffering unconscious is, therefore, no more intrepidity than to assume there are instincts."^[113]

Archetype

Main article: Jungian archetypes