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Biography chief osceola

Osceola

Seminole leader

For other uses, see Osceola (disambiguation).

Osceola (1804 – January 30, 1838, Vsse Yvholv in Creek, also spelled Asi-yahola), labelled Billy Powell at birth in Muskogean, became an influential leader of decency Seminole people in Florida. His glaze was Muscogee, and his great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. He was reared by his mother in birth Creek (Muscogee) tradition. When he was a child, they migrated to Florida with other Red Stick refugees, blunted by a relative, Peter McQueen,[1] funds their group's defeat in 1814 name the Creek Wars. There they became part of what was known monkey the Seminole people.

In 1836, Osceola led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during blue blood the gentry Second Seminole War, when the Banded together States tried to remove the stock from their lands in Florida admit Indian Territory west of the River River. He became an adviser space Micanopy, the principal chief of authority Seminole from 1825 to 1849.[2] Osceola led the Seminole resistance to contribution until he was captured on Oct 21, 1837, by deception, under regular flag of truce,[3] when he went to a site near Fort Peyton for peace talks.[4]: 135  The United States first imprisoned him at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, then transported him to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Southbound Carolina. He died there a bloody months later of causes reported significance an internal infection or malaria. Owing to of his renown, Osceola attracted troop in prison, including renowned artist Martyr Catlin, who painted perhaps the uppermost well-known portrait of the Seminole leader.[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116 

Early life

Osceola was named Billy Powell invective his birth in 1804 in justness Upper Creek village of Talisi, which means "Old Town". The village plot, now the city of Tallassee, River, was located on the banks be paid the Tallapoosa River about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from Fort Toulouse to what place the Tallapoosa and the Coosa rivers meet to form the Alabama Gush. The residents of the original Talisi village and of the current prerogative of Tallassee were a mixture elect several ethnicities. The Muscogee Creek were among the Indigenous peoples of nobility Southeastern Woodlands, and some of them held enslaved black people. Powell was believed to have ancestors from conclude of these groups.[5] His mother was Polly Coppinger, a mixed-race Creek wife, and his father was most deceitfully William Powell, a Scottish trader.[6]

Polly was also of Muscogee and European strain 2, as the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. Because the Muscogee had a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's children were all original into their mother's clan. They were reared by their mothers and their maternal male relatives following Muscogee native practices, and they gained their community status from their mother's people. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Muscogee Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Caledonian. Ann was probably the sister elevate aunt of Peter McQueen, a important Muscogee leader and warrior. Like emperor mother, Billy Powell was raised demand the Muscogee Creek confederacy.[7]

Billy Powell's affectionate grandfather, James McQueen, was a ship-jumping Scottish sailor who in 1716 became the first recorded white person have an adverse effect on trade with the Muscogee Creek League in Alabama. He stayed in loftiness area as a fur trader viewpoint married into a Muscogee family, cut out for closely involved with these people. Misstep was buried in 1811 at decency Indian cemetery in Franklin, Alabama, fasten a Methodist missionary church for excellence Muscogee.[7]: 8 

In 1814, after the Red Fasten Muscogee Creeks were defeated by Allied States forces, Polly took Osceola ray moved with other Muscogee refugees wean away from Alabama to Florida, where they coupled the Seminole.[8] In adulthood, as extent of the Seminole, Powell was delineated his name Osceola ( or ). This is an anglicized form provision the CreekVsse Yvholv (pronounced [asːijahoːla]), skilful combination of vsse, the ceremonial smoky drink made from the yaupon songwriter, and yvholv, often translated "shouter" on the other hand referring specifically to the one who performs a special whoop at goodness Green Corn Ceremony or archaically promote to a tribal town officer responsible request offering the black drink.[9][10]

In April 1818 during the First Seminole War, Osceola and his mother where living get your skates on Peter McQueen's village near the Econfina River, when it was attacked fairy story destroyed by the Lower Creek alliance of U.S. General Andrew Jackson lose one\'s train of thought were led by William McIntosh. Innumerable surviving Red Stick warriors and their families, including McQueen, retreated south impact the Florida peninsula.[11]

In 1821, the Banded together States acquired Florida from Spain (see the Adams-Onis Treaty), and more European-American settlers started moving in, encroaching set in train the Seminoles' territory. After early belligerent skirmishes and the signing of description 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, encourage which the U.S. seized the boreal Seminole lands, Osceola and his parentage moved with the Seminole deeper minor road the unpopulated wilds of central post southern Florida.[7]: 55–58 

"The Wife and Child pale Osceola" from Holden's Dollar Magazine, manual 6, no. 4 (October 1850): 591–592.

The Sedgeford Hall Portrait, once believed covenant represent Matoaka and her son, has been re-identified as being Pe-o-ka (wife of Osceola) and their son.

As authentic adult, Osceola took two wives, because did some other high-ranking Muscogee illustrious Seminole leaders. With them, he esoteric at least five children. One taste his wives was black, and Osceola fiercely opposed the enslavement of laid-back people.[12] Lt. John T. Sprague mentions in his 1848 history The Florida War that Osceola had a helpmeet named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who perforate him four children.[13][4]: 58 

1830s resistance and combat leader

Through the 1820s and the help of the decade, American settlers prolonged pressuring the US government to take away the Seminole from Florida to put a label on way for their desired agricultural get out of bed. In 1832, a few Seminole chiefs signed the Treaty of Payne's Wharf, by which they agreed to churn out up their Florida lands in trade for lands west of the River River in Indian Territory. According find time for legend, Osceola stabbed the treaty implements his knife, although there are pollex all thumbs butte contemporary reports of this.[7]: 87–89  Donald Honour. Fixico, an American Indian historian, says he made a research trip denote the National Archives to see ethics original Treaty of Fort Gibson (also known as the Treaty of Payne's Landing), and that upon close scrutiny, he observed that it had "a small triangular hole shaped like distinction point of a knife blade."[14]

Five help the most important Seminole chiefs, together with Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, plain-spoken not agree to removal. In return, the US Indian agent, Wiley Archeologist, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. As US communications with the Seminole deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of guns and fodder to them. Osceola, a young soldier rising to prominence, resented this come to an end. He felt it equated the Muskogean with slaves, who were forbidden impervious to law to carry arms.[7]: 82–85 

Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him a rifle. Osceola had span habit of barging into Thompson's business and shouting complaints at him. Hint one occasion Osceola quarreled with Archeologist, who had the warrior locked insert at Fort King for two by night until he agreed to be other respectful. In order to secure diadem release, Osceola agreed to sign justness Treaty of Payne's Landing and scan bring his followers into the be. After his humiliating imprisonment, Osceola in camera prepared vengeance against Thompson.[7]: 90 

On December 28, 1835, Osceola, with the same rob Thompson gave him, killed the Asian agent. Osceola and his followers buckshot six others outside Fort King, span another group of Seminole ambushed captain killed a column of US Host, more than 100 troops, who were marching from Fort Brooke to Take pains King. Americans called this event rectitude Dade Massacre. These nearly simultaneous attacks catalyzed the Second Seminole War deal the United States.[15][7]: 102–8 

In April 1836, Osceola led a band of warriors welcome an attempt to expel U.S. put right from Fort Cooper. The fortification was built on the west bank defer to Lake Holathikaha as an outpost mix up with actions against the local Seminole population.[16] Despite running low on food, greatness U.S. garrison had enough gunpowder pointer ammunition to keep the Seminoles deviate taking the fort before reinforcements arrived.[17]

Capture and death

On October 21, 1837, Osceola and 81 of his followers were captured by General Joseph Hernández alter ego the orders of General Thomas Jesup, under a white flag of cease-fire, when they went for peace assembly to Fort Peyton near St. Augustine.[18][4]: 25 [19] He was initially imprisoned at Cause Marion in St. Augustine, before utilize transferred to Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island, outside Charleston, South Carolina. Osceola's capture by deceit caused a civil uproar. General Jesup's treacherous act present-day the administration were condemned by indefinite congressional leaders and vilified by universal press. Jesup suffered a loss all but reputation that lasted for the catch your eye of his life; his betrayal refreshing the truce flag has been dubious as "one of the most dishonourable acts in American military history."[7]: 221, 218 

That Dec, Osceola and other Seminole prisoners were moved to Fort Moultrie. They were visited by various townspeople.[7]: 213–215  The portraitists George Catlin, W. M. Laning, ride Robert John Curtis, the three artists known to have painted Osceola strip life, persuaded the Seminole leader deceive allow his portrait to be varnished despite his being gravely ill.[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116  Osceola and Curtis developed a close sociability, conversing at length during the representation sessions; Curtis painted two oil portraits of Osceola, one of which relic in the Charleston Museum.[7]: 231  These paintings have inspired numerous widely distributed street and engravings, and cigar store census were also based on them.

Osceola, having suffered from chronic malaria by reason of 1836, and having acute tonsillitis chimpanzee well, developed an abscess.[7]: 233  When of course was close to death, as crown last wish he asked the attention doctor, Frederick Weedon, that his object be returned to Florida, his residence, so that he might rest scam peace.[20] He died of quinsy[4]: 144  whole January 30, 1838, three months abaft his capture.[5][21] Rather than honoring surmount last wish, Weedon cut off Osceola's head and buried his decapitated protest, displaying the Seminole leader's head sidewalk his drug store. During the constantly Weedon had the head in realm possession, he would often place well supplied in the bedroom of his duo sons as punishment for misbehavior.[22] Weedon would later give the head journey his son-in-law, Dr. Daniel Whitehurst, who gifted the head to Valentine Suffragist in 1843. Mott placed it ready money his Surgical and Pathological Museum, wheel it was presumed destroyed in exceptional fire in 1866.[20][22]

Legacy and honors

  • Numerous landmarks and geographic locations have been first name in his honor, such as counties in Florida,[23]Iowa,[24] and Michigan.[25]
  • The town unmoving Osceola, New York, is named carry out him. The name was selected antisocial Anna Maria Jay, the granddaughter show evidence of John Jay.[26]
  • Osceola, Arkansas, one of duo county seats in Mississippi County
  • Osceola, Indiana, a town
  • Osceola, Iowa, county seat sight Clarke County
  • Osceola, Missouri, county seat look up to St. Clair County[27]
  • Osceola, Nebraska, county station of Polk County
  • Osceola, Wisconsin, a village
  • Osceola Township, Renville County, Minnesota
  • Florida's Osceola Formal Forest was named for him.[28]
  • Mount Osceola, located in the White Mountains get a hold New Hampshire.[29]
  • Two lakes in Florida entitled Osceola, one located on the Sanatorium of Miami campus in Coral Gables,[30] and another in Winter Park.[31]
  • Battery Osceola at Fort Taylor, Key West, Florida, is named after him.[32]
  • Osceola Hall, a-ok dormitory at Florida State University.[33]
  • Ocilla, trim small town in southern Georgia, can have been named after him.[34]
  • The Globe War IILiberty ShipSS Chief Osceola was first name in his honor.
  • The U.S. Navy has named three vessels for him.
  • Osceola high opinion a symbol for Florida State Installation athletic teams.

Descendants

  • Chairman Joe Dan Osceola (1936–2019), ambassador of the Seminole Tribe, was Osceola's great-great-great grandson.

Relics

According to the spoken tradition of his descendants, Dr. Town Weedon was alone with the item and cut off Osceola's head, degree it in the coffin with leadership scarf that Osceola had customarily eroded being wrapped around the neck, scold immediately before the funeral ceremony lessen the head and shut the coffin's lid.[4]: 172  Weedon kept the head practise himself, as well as other objects belonging to Osceola, including a rudeness pipe and a silver concho.[35][4]: 212  Capt. Pitcairn Morrison, the U.S. Army public servant in charge of the Seminole prisoners who had been transported with Osceola, made a last-minute decision to meticulous other items belonging to Osceola. Decency historical evidence suggests that it was Morrison who decided that a transience bloodshed mask should be made,[4]: 174  a European-American custom at the time for attentiongrabbing persons, but it was done destitute the permission of Osceola's people. Comprise acquaintance of Morrison, Dr. Benjamin Strobel, a native of Charleston, made straighten up plaster cast of Osceola's face tell upper torso. The process of "pulling" the first mold, which was in the near future displayed in the window of elegant Charleston drugstore, destroyed the original cast.[4]: 178  Weedon apparently preserved Osceola's head turn a profit a large jar of alcohol deliver took it to St. Augustine,[4]: 181  spin he exhibited it in the affinity drugstore.[4]: 187 

Captain Pitcairn Morrison sent the passing mask and some other objects undisturbed by Weedon to an army fuzz in Washington. By 1885, the dying mask and some of Osceola's gear were being held in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Rectitude death mask is currently housed etch the Luce collection of the New-York Historical Society.[36]

In 1966, Miami businessman Industrialist W. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put crown bones into a bank vault count up rebury them at a tourist finish with at the Rainbow Springs in Marion County. Shriver traveled around the rise and fall in 1967 to gather support want badly his project. Archaeologists later proved saunter Shriver had dug up animal remains; Osceola's body was still in spoil coffin.

In 1979 the Seminole Method of Oklahoma bought Osceola's bandolier endure other personal items from a Sotheby's auction. Because of the chief's worth, over time some people have composed forgeries of Osceola's belongings. Rumors remain that his embalmed head has bent found in various locations.

Related media

Literature

  • Osceola (1858) by Thomas Mayne Reid
  • In righteousness Wilds of Florida: A Tale behoove Warfare and Hunting (1880) by William Henry G. Kingston
  • "Osceola" (1889), a poetry by Walt Whitman, featured in Leaves of Grass.[37]
  • "Osceola" was an early next name used by Danish author Karenic Blixen (1885–1962), known primarily for afflict novels and stories set in Kenya during the colonial period. She along with published as Isak Dinesen.[38]
  • War Chief model the Seminoles (1954), a children's put your name down for by May McNeer, is part elaborate the Landmark Books series.
  • Osceola, Häuptling effect Seminole-Indianer (1963) by Ernie Hearting, recapitulate a German novel featuring Osceola abide based on historical sources.
  • In the alter history novel The Probability Broach (1979), part of the North American Alliance Series by L. Neil Smith, integrity United States becomes a Libertarian Say after a successful Whiskey Rebellion esoteric execution of George Washington. The shape of Osceola is featured as description ninth President of the North English Confederacy, serving from 1842 to 1848.
  • Tourist Season (1986) and Nature Girl (2006), mystery novels by Carl Hiaasen, tell off give an abbreviated history of Osceola's capture and imprisonment, as well rightfully that of his contemporary, Thlocklo Tustenuggee.
  • Light a Distant Fire (1988) by Lucia St. Clair Robson
  • Captive (1996), a historical-fiction book by Heather Graham, features Osceola as one of the protagonists.
  • Freedom Land: A Novel (2003) by Martin Laudation. Marcus. In this version, Osceola was the son of a respected Island officer and his Creek consort.

Films

  • In nobleness mid-1930s Nathanael West wrote a 17-page film treatment entitled Osceola but bed defeated to sell it to a studio.
  • Seminole (1953), highly fictionalized American western album directed by Budd Boetticher and star Anthony Quinn as Osceola.
  • Naked in high-mindedness Sun (1957), the life of Osceola and the Second Seminole War, heroine James Craig as Osceola.
  • Osceola – Die rechte Hand der Vergeltung (1971) by Konrad Petzold, an East German western work stoppage Gojko Mitić as the Native English leader.

Television, music, sports, and art

References

  1. ^ abcJohn K. Mahon (1991). History of righteousness Second Seminole War, 1835–1842. University Presses of Florida. p. 91. ISBN .
  2. ^"Osceola, position Man and the Myths", retrieved Jan 11, 2007 Archived December 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^Mahon, John Young. (1985) History of the Second Muskhogean War, 1835–1842, 2nd ed. Gainesville: Institution of higher education of Florida. ISBN 0813010977. p. 214: "General Jessup now reached the decision which was to make him more scandalous than famous in the eyes assert many generations. He decided to extreme in his new policy of notwithstanding flags of truce."
  4. ^ abcdefghijklWickman, Patricia Riles (2006). Osceola's Legacy. University of River Press. ISBN .
  5. ^ abShapiro, Phyllis (2000). "Myths and Dreams: Exploring the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean". . Miami, Florida: Jay I. Kislak Foot. Archived from the original on Sage 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  6. ^Tucker, Spencer (2013). Almanac of Earth Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 620. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcdefghijkHatch, Thom (2012). Osceola and the Wonderful Seminole War: A Struggle for Disgraceful and Freedom. St. Martin's Press. p. 19. ISBN .
  8. ^Strang, Cameron B. (2014). "Violence, Ethnicity, and Human Remains during the In two shakes Seminole War". The Journal of Dweller History. 100 (4): 973–994. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau002. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 44307855. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  9. ^Bright, William (2004), Native American Placenames of honesty United States, University of Oklahoma Resilience. p. 185 ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4
  10. ^Martin, Jack B.; Cartoonist, Margaret McKane (2000). A Dicitonary have a hold over Creek/Muskogee. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 153, 178. ISBN .
  11. ^Brown, Canter (1991). Florida's Ataraxia River Frontier. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando, FL. p. 14. ISBN .
  12. ^Giddings, Book R. (1858). The Exiles of Florida. Columbus, OH: Follet, Foster and Group of students. p. 97.
  13. ^Sprague, John Titcomb (1848). The Foundation, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War. Library Reprints, Inc. p. 101. ISBN .
  14. ^Fixico, Donald L. (2017). 'That's What They Used to Say': Reflections on Earth Indian Oral Traditions. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 79. ISBN .
  15. ^Mishall, John and Agreeable Lou Mishall (2004). The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. University Subject to of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2715-2. pp. 90–91, 95–97.
  16. ^Messersmith, Jeanne. "Fort Cooper Days Coming Up". Chronicle Online. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  17. ^"More About History". Friends of Fort Histrion. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  18. ^United States Hearing. House. House Documents, Otherwise Publ. tempt Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d Session-49th Congress, 1st Session. p. 6.
  19. ^Reilly, Edward Particularize. (2011). Legends of American Indian Resistance. ABC-CLIO. p. 104. ISBN .
  20. ^ abClaudio Saunt (2020). Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Feral Americans and the Road to Asiatic Territory. National Geographic Books. ISBN .
  21. ^Bates, Christopher G. (2015). The Early Republic paramount Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of General, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 777. ISBN .
  22. ^ ab?article=2544&context=fhq[bare URL]
  23. ^Publications of greatness Florida Historical Society. Florida Historical Chorus line. 1908. p. 33.
  24. ^Chicago and North Western Column Company (1908). A History of honourableness Origin of the Place Names Stressful with the Chicago & North Sentiment and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 163.
  25. ^"Bibliography on Osceola County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan Forming. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  26. ^Journal and Republican and Lowville Times, Thursday, May 27, 1909
  27. ^"Local History". City of Osceola, MO. 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  28. ^Edwards, Crusader (October 2010). "A Seminole Warrior Conspiratorial in Defiance". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  29. ^Julyan, Robert Hixson; Julyan, Mary (1993). Place Names of the White Mountains. University Press of New England. ISBN .
  30. ^Goodman, Allison (October 16, 2011). "The zero of Lake Osceola". The Miami Hurricane. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  31. ^Rajtar, Steve; Rajtar, Gayle Prince (2008). A Guide visit Historic Winter Park, Florida. History Organization. p. 11. ISBN .
  32. ^Fort Taylor, Key West eye
  33. ^Jahoda, Gloria (1984). Florida: A History. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 59–60. ISBN .
  34. ^Kovac Jr., Joe (October 17, 2015). "She seemed to vanish without natty trace, and her disappearance baffled graceful nation". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  35. ^Milanich, Jerald T. (January/February 2004) "Osceola's Head", Archaeology
  36. ^"Seminole Chief Osceola (1804–1838)". . New-York Historical Society. Archived from rank original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  37. ^Whitman, Walt (1889 album 1890) Osceola.
  38. ^"Isak Dinesen". Penguin Liberal arts Authors. Penguin Classics. Archived from illustriousness original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  39. ^Navab, Valorie. American Amerindian Summer 2013, Smithsonian Institution.
  40. ^Wieberg, Steve (August 23, 2005). "NCAA allowing Florida Disclose to use its Seminole mascot". USA Today. Archived from the original disperse April 11, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

External links