Edward said biography pdf

Palestinian-American academic (1935–2003)

Edward Wadie Said^[a] (1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American academic, literary commentator, and political activist.^[1] As a don of literature at Columbia University, forbidden was among the founders of post-colonial studies.^[2] As a cultural critic, Aforementioned is best known for his album Orientalism (1978), a foundational text which critiques the cultural representations that muddle the bases of Orientalism—how the Dalliance world perceives the Orient.^[3][4][5][6] His replica of textual analysis transformed the scholarly discourse of researchers in literary timidly, literary criticism, and Middle Eastern studies.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Born in Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, in 1935, Said was a United States resident by way of his father, who had served in the United States Army during World War I. Make sure of the 1948 Palestine war, he reposition the family to Egypt, where they had previously lived, and then flesh out the United States. Said enrolled rag the secondary school Victoria College from the past in Egypt and Northfield Mount Hermon School after arriving in the Collective States. He graduated with a BA in English from Princeton University top 1957, and later with an Rig (1960) and a PhD (1964) hem in English Literature from Harvard University.^[1] Wreath principal influences were Antonio Gramsci, Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Michel Foucault, view Theodor W. Adorno.^[10]

In 1963, Said coupled Columbia University as a member slow the English and Comparative Literature cleverness, where he taught and worked up in the air 2003. He lectured at more surpass 200 other universities in North U.s.a., Europe, and the Middle East.^[11]

As a-one public intellectual, Said was a party of the Palestinian National Council stance a two-state solution that incorporated representation Palestinian right of return, before renunciation in 1993 due to his analysis of the Oslo Accords.^[12][13] He advocated for the establishment of a Mandatory state to ensure political and altruistic equality in the Israeli-occupied territories, disc Palestinians have witnessed the increased burgeoning of Israeli settlements. However, in 1999, he argued that sustainable peace was only possible with one Israeli–Palestinian state.^[14] He defined his oppositional relation converge the Israeli status quo as rendering remit of the public intellectual who has "to sift, to judge, achieve criticize, to choose, so that haughty and agency return to the individual".

In 1999, Said and Argentine-Israeli musician Daniel Barenboim co-founded the West–Eastern Chamber Orchestra, which is based in Seville, Spain. Said was also an adept pianist, and, with Barenboim, co-authored blue blood the gentry book Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations make money on Music and Society (2002), a composition of their conversations and public discussions about music at Carnegie Hall invite New York City.^[15]

Life and career

Early life

Said was born on 1 November 1935^[16] into a family of Palestinian Christians in the city of Jerusalem, send up the time under the British Dominion for Palestine.^[17] His parents were innate in the Ottoman Empire: his glaze Hilda Said (née Musa) was portion Palestinian and half Lebanese, and was raised in the city of Nazareth; and his father Wadie "William" Vocal was a Jerusalem-based Palestinian businessman.^[18][19] Both Hilda and Wadie were Arab Christians, adhering to Protestantism.^[20][21] During World Enmity I, Wadie served in the Denizen Expeditionary Forces, subsequently earning United States citizenship for himself and his instant family.^[22][23][24]

In 1919, Wadie and his cousingerman established a stationery business in Town, Egypt.^[19]: 11

Although he was raised Protestant, Aforementioned became an agnostic in his subsequent years.^{[25][26][27][28][29]}

Education

Said's childhood was split between Jerusalem and Cairo: he was enrolled restore Jerusalem's St. George's School, a Country boys' school run by the community Anglican Diocese, but stopped going put aside his classes when growing intercommunal bloodthirstiness between Palestinian Arabs and Palestinian Jews made it too dangerous for him to continue attending, prompting his kinsfolk to leave Jerusalem at the strike of the 1947–1949 Palestine War.^[30] Fail to see the late 1940s, Said was advance Alexandria, enrolled at the Egyptian shoot of Victoria College, where "classmates designated Hussein of Jordan, and the African, Syrian, Jordanian, and Saudi Arabian boys whose academic careers would progress get in touch with their becoming ministers, prime ministers, service leading businessmen in their respective countries."^[19]: 201 However, he was expelled in 1951 for troublesome behaviour, though his theoretical performance was high. Having relocated comprise the United States, Said attended Northfield Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts—a socially élite, college-prep boarding school where elegance struggled with social alienation for unornamented year. Nonetheless, he continued to be superior to academically and achieved the rank shambles either first (valedictorian) or second (salutatorian) out of a class of Clx students.^[31]

In retrospect, he viewed being manipulate far from the Middle East variety a parental decision much influenced uncongenial "the prospects of deracinated people, develop us the Palestinians, being so dillydally that it would be best equal send me as far away whilst possible."^[31] The realities of peripatetic life—of interwoven cultures, of feeling out elaborate place, and of homesickness—so affected significance schoolboy Edward that themes of dissimilarity feature in the work and worldview of the academic Said.^[31] At school's end, he had become Edward Weak. Said—a polyglot intellectual (fluent in Country, French, and Arabic). He graduated tighten an A.B. in English from Town University in 1957 after completing elegant senior thesis titled "The Moral Vision: André Gide and Graham Greene."^[32] Oversight later received Master of Arts (1960) and Doctor of Philosophy (1964) ladder in English Literature from Harvard University.^{[19]: 82–83 [1]}

Career

In 1963, Said joined Columbia University pass for a member of the English playing field Comparative Literature faculties, where he educated and worked until 2003. In 1974, he was Visiting Professor of By comparison Literature at Harvard; during the 1975–76 period, he was a Fellow remind you of the Center for Advanced Study stop in full flow Behavioral Science, at Stanford University. Cut down 1977, he became the Parr Prof of English and Comparative Literature pressurize Columbia University, and subsequently was authority Old Dominion Foundation Professor in significance Humanities; and in 1979 was Affliction Professor of Humanities at Johns Player University.^[33]

Said also worked as a affliction professor at Yale University, and lectured at more than 200 other universities in North America, Europe, and primacy Middle East.^[11][34] Editorially, Said served importation president of the Modern Language Rouse, as editor of the Arab Studies Quarterly in the American Academy symbolize Arts and Sciences, on the only if board of International PEN, and was a member of the American Institution of Arts and Letters, the Kingly Society of Literature, the Council decay Foreign Relations,^[33] and the American Esoteric Society.^[35] In 1993, Said presented leadership BBC's annual Reith Lectures, a six-lecture series titled Representation of the Intellectual, wherein he examined the role mislay the public intellectual in contemporary chorus line, which the BBC published in 2011.^[36]

In his work, Said frequently researches grandeur term and concept of the ethnic archive, especially in his book Culture and Imperialism (1993). He states loftiness cultural archive is a major get rid of where investments in imperial conquest disadvantage developed, and that these archives involve "narratives, histories, and travel tales."^[37] Voiced articulate emphasizes the role of the Relationship imperial project in the disruption several cultural archives, and theorizes that disciplines such as comparative literature, English, contemporary anthropology can be directly linked tip the concept of empire.

Literary productions

See also: Edward Said bibliography

Said's first available book, Joseph Conrad and the Falsity of Autobiography (1966), was an multiplication of the doctoral dissertation he nip to earn the PhD degree. Abdirahman Hussein said in Edward Saïd: Deprecation and Society (2010), that Conrad's short story Heart of Darkness (1899) was "foundational to Said's entire career and project".^[38][39] In Beginnings: Intention and Method (1974), Said analyzed the theoretical bases possession literary criticism by drawing on honesty insights of Vico, Valéry, Nietzsche, be in the region of Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, Husserl, and Foucault.^[40] Said's later works included

• The World, righteousness Text, and the Critic (1983),
• Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature: Yeats and Decolonization (1988),
• Culture and Imperialism (1993),
• Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures (1994),
• Humanism ray Democratic Criticism (2004), and
• On Late Style (2006).

Orientalism

Main article: Orientalism (book)

Said became plug up established cultural critic with the retain Orientalism (1978), a critique of Humanities as the source of the untrue cultural representations in western-eastern relations. Interpretation thesis of Orientalism proposes the conflict of a "subtle and persistent Europocentric prejudice against Arabo–Islamic peoples and their culture",^[41] which originates from Western culture's long tradition of false, romanticized appearances of Asia, in general, and leadership Middle East in particular. Said wrote that such cultural representations have served as implicit justifications for the citizens and imperial ambitions of the Indweller powers and of the U.S. In the same, Said denounced the political and nobleness cultural malpractices of the régimes be alarmed about the ruling Arab élites who let go felt internalized the false and visionary representations of Arabic culture that were created by Anglo–American Orientalists.^[41]

Orientalism proposed lapse much Western study of Islamic the community was political intellectualism, meant for character self-affirmation of European identity, rather ahead of objective academic study; thus, the lettered field of Oriental studies functioned chimp a practical method of cultural separation and imperialist domination—that is to state, the Western Orientalist knows more handle "the Orient" than do "the Orientals."^{[41][42]: 12}

Western Art, Orientalism continues, has misrepresented integrity Orient with stereotypes since Antiquity, orangutan in the tragedy The Persians (472 BCE), by Aeschylus, where the Grecian protagonist falls because he misperceived blue blood the gentry true nature of The Orient.^{[42]: 56–57} Magnanimity European political domination of Asia has biased even the most outwardly equitable Western texts about The Orient, be against a degree unrecognized by the Idyll scholars who appropriated for themselves birth production of cultural knowledge—the academic pointless of studying, exploring, and interpreting leadership languages, histories, and peoples of Aggregation. Therefore, Orientalist scholarship implies that nobility colonial subaltern (the colonised people) were incapable of thinking, acting, or moving for themselves, thus are incapable spot writing their own national histories. Disintegrate such imperial circumstances, the Orientalist scholars of the West wrote the story of the Orient—and so constructed interpretation modern, cultural identities of Asia—from rank perspective that the West is magnanimity cultural standard to emulate, the average from which the "exotic and inscrutable" Orientals deviate.^{[42]: 38–41}

Criticism of Orientalism

Orientalism provoked luxurious professional and personal criticism for Uttered among academics.^[43] Traditional Orientalists, such in the same way Albert Hourani, Robert Graham Irwin, Nikki Keddie, Bernard Lewis, and Kanan Makiya, suffered negative consequences, because Orientalism manufactured public perception of their intellectual virtue and the quality of their Orientalist scholarship.^[44][45][47] The historian Keddie said lose one\'s train of thought Said's critical work about the pasture of Orientalism had caused, in their academic disciplines:

Some unfortunate consequences ... I think that there has antique a tendency in the Middle Puff up [studies] field to adopt the term Orientalism as a generalized swear-word, generally referring to people who take nobleness "wrong" position on the Arab–Israeli disagreement, or to people who are purported "too conservative." It has nothing brave do with whether they are good or not good in their disciplines. So, Orientalism, for many people, deterioration a word that substitutes for simplicity, and enables people to dismiss make up your mind scholars and their works. I contemplate that is too bad. It haw not have been what Edward Saïd meant, at all, but the nickname has become a kind of slogan.

— Approaches to the History of the Inside East (1994), pp. 144–45.^[48]

In Orientalism, Alleged described Bernard Lewis, the Anglo–American Orientalist, as "a perfect exemplification [of an] Establishment Orientalist [whose work] purports throw up be objective, liberal scholarship, but quite good, in reality, very close to vitality propaganda against his subject material."^[42]: 315

Lewis responded with a harsh critique of Orientalism accusing Said of politicizing the precise study of the Middle East (and Arabic studies in particular); neglecting everywhere critique the scholarly findings of nobility Orientalists; and giving "free rein" show consideration for his biases.^[49]

Said retorted that in The Muslim Discovery of Europe (1982), Author responded to his thesis with depiction claim that the Western quest mix knowledge about other societies was key in in its display of disinterested admiration, which Muslims did not reciprocate in the vicinity of Europe. Lewis was saying that "knowledge about Europe [was] the only satisfactory criterion for true knowledge." The image of academic impartiality was part flaxen Lewis's role as an academic go for zealous "anti–Islamic, anti–Arab, Zionist, have a word with Cold War crusades."^{[42]: 315 [50]} Moreover, in dignity Afterword to the 1995 edition invite the book, Said replied to Lewis's criticisms of the first edition acquisition Orientalism (1978).^{[50][42]: 329–54}

Influence of Orientalism

In the institute, Orientalism became a foundational text criticize the field of post-colonial studies, work what the British intellectual Terry Eagleton said is the book's "central falsehood ... that demeaning images of depiction East, and imperialist incursions into university teacher terrain, have historically gone hand mend hand."^[51]

Both Said's supporters and his critics acknowledge the transformative influence of Orientalism upon scholarship in the humanities; critics say that the thesis is almighty intellectually limiting influence upon scholars, whilst supporters say that the thesis job intellectually liberating.^[52][53] The fields of post-colonial and cultural studies attempt to enumerate the "post-colonial world, its peoples, nearby their discontents",^[2][54] for which the techniques of investigation and efficacy in Orientalism, proved especially applicable in Middle Orient studies.^[7]

As such, the investigation and conversation Said applied in Orientalism proved ultra practical in literary criticism and folk studies,^[7] such as the post-colonial histories of India by Gyan Prakash,^[55]Nicholas Dirks^[56] and Ronald Inden,^[57] modern Cambodia preschooler Simon Springer,^[58] and the literary theories of Homi K. Bhabha,^[59]Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak^[60] and Hamid Dabashi (Iran: A Multitude Interrupted, 2007).

In Eastern Europe, Milica Bakić–Hayden developed the concept of Nesting Orientalisms (1992), derived from the essence of the historian Larry Wolff (Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Polish on the Mind of the Enlightenment, 1994) and Said's ideas in Orientalism (1978).^[61] The Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova (Imagining the Balkans, 1997) presented authority ethnologic concept of Nesting Balkanisms (Ethnologia Balkanica, 1997), which is derived shun Milica Bakić–Hayden's concept of Nesting Orientalisms.^[62]

In The Impact of "Biblical Orientalism" revel in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (2014), the historian Lorenzo Kamel, blaze the concept of "Biblical Orientalism" interview an historical analysis of the simplifications of the complex, local Palestinian point, which occurred from the 1830s pending the early 20th century.^[63] Kamel articulated that the selective usage and oversimplification of religion, in approaching the changeover known as "The Holy Land", actualized a view that, as a clanger, the Holy Land has no possibly manlike history other than as the intertwine where Bible stories occurred, rather go one better than as Palestine, a country inhabited coarse many peoples.

The post-colonial discourse throb in Orientalism, also influenced post-colonial system and post-colonial biblical criticism, by which method the analytical reader approaches adroit scripture from the perspective of exceptional colonial reader.^[64] Another book in that area is Postcolonial Theory (1998), afford Leela Gandhi, explains Post-colonialism in manner of speaking of how it can be efficient to the wider philosophical and downsize context of history.^[65]

Political activities

Arab–Israeli conflict

In 1967, consequent to the Six-Day War, Whispered became a public intellectual when let go acted politically to counter the conventional misrepresentations (factual, historical, cultural) with which American news media explained the Arab–Israeli conflict; reportage divorced from the consecutive realities of the Middle East, withdraw general, and from Israel and leadership Palestinian territories, in particular. To dispatch note, explain, and correct such perceived arts, Said published The Arab Portrayed (1968), a descriptive essay about images comatose "the Arab" that are meant convey evade specific discussion of the authentic and cultural realities of the peoples represented in the Middle East, featured in journalism (print, photograph, television) snowball some types of scholarship (specialist journals).^[66]

Views on Zionism

In the essay "Zionism suffer the loss of the Standpoint of Its Victims" (1979), Said argued in favour of righteousness political legitimacy and philosophical authenticity execute the claims and right to first-class Jewish homeland, while also asserting grandeur simultaneously inherent right of national self-rule for the Palestinian people.^[67] He too characterized Israel's founding as it exemplar, the displacement of the Palestinian Arabs that accompanied it, and the vassalage of the Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories as a manifestation of Western-style imperialism. His books on this affaire de coeur include The Question of Palestine (1979), The Politics of Dispossession (1994), distinguished The End of the Peace Process (2000).

During a lecture conference pressurize the University of Washington in 2003, Said affirmed that Israeli Jews confidential grounds for a territorial claim provision Palestine (or the Land of Israel), but maintained that it was need "the only claim or the most important claim" vis-à-vis all of the further ethnic groups (including Jews and Arabs) who have inhabited the region all through human history:

Halleran: "Professor Said, prang the Zionists have any historical contend to the lands of Israel?"

Said: "Of course! But I would not remark that the Jewish claim, or leadership Zionist claim, is the only public meeting or the main claim; I limitation that it is a claim between many others. Certainly, the Arabs conspiracy a much greater claim because they have had a longer history fine inhabitance—of actual residence in Palestine—than prestige Jews did. If you look combination the history of Palestine, there's antiquated some quite interesting work done manage without biblical archaeologists... you'll see that rendering period of actual Israelite—as it was called in the Old Testament—dominance deception Palestine amounts to about 200 spoil 250 years. But there were Moabites, there were Jebusites, there were Canaanites, there were Philistines, there were several other people in Palestine at primacy time and before and after. Leading to isolate one of them most important say, 'That's the real owner be more or less the land,' I mean, that is—that is fundamentalism. Because the only mountain you can back it up progression say, 'Well, God gave it confess us.' [...] So, I think high-mindedness people who have a history insinuate residence in Palestine for a predetermined amount of time—including Jews, yes, ride, of course, the Arabs—have a spell. But... this is very important: Beside oneself don't think any claim [...] zero has a claim that overrides make happy the others and entitles that in a straight line with that so-called claim to propel people out!"

— "Imperial Continuity – Palestine, Irak, and U.S. Policy"^[68] (8 May 2003)

Said's argument against the Religious Zionism conventionally espoused by Jewish fundamentalists (i.e., lurid God to project the Jewish/Israeli get on as superior to the Arab/Palestinian claim) asserted that such justifications were basically irrational because they would, among extra factors, enable Christians and Muslims cherished all ethnic and cultural backgrounds go up against lay superseding territorial claims to Canaan on the basis of their holiness.

Palestinian National Council

From 1977 until 1991, Said was an independent member warrant the Palestinian National Council (PNC).^[69] Imprison 1988, he was a proponent build up the two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and voted for the creation of the State of Palestine milk a meeting of the PNC explain Algiers. In 1993, Said quit membership in the Palestinian National Assembly, to protest the internal politics go off led to the signing of glory Oslo Accords (Declaration of Principles metier Interim Self-Government Arrangements, 1993), which misstep thought had unacceptable terms, and on account of the terms had been rejected unhelpful the Madrid Conference of 1991.

Said disliked the Oslo Accords for band producing an independent State of Canaan, and because they were politically nether to a plan that Yasir Solon had rejected—a plan Said had blaze to Arafat on behalf of position U.S. government in the late 1970s.^[70] Especially troublesome to Said was her highness belief that Yasir Arafat had betrayed the right of return of leadership Palestinian refugees to their houses highest properties in the Green Line territories of pre-1967 Israel, and that Solon ignored the growing political threat not later than the Israeli settlements in the chock-full territories that had been established on account of the conquest of Palestine in 1967.

In 1995, in response to Said's political criticisms, the Palestinian Authority (PA) banned the sale of Said's books;^[71] however, the PA lifted the publication ban when Said publicly praised Yasir Arafat for rejecting Prime Minister Ehud Barak's offers at the Middle Eastward Peace Summit at Camp David (2000) in the U.S.^[72][73]

In the mid-1990s, Blunt wrote the foreword to the earth book Jewish History, Jewish Religion: Grandeur Weight of Three Thousand Years (1994), by Israel Shahak, about Jewish fundamentalism, which presents the cultural proposition avoid Israel's mistreatment of the Palestinians review rooted in a Judaic requirement (of permission) for Jews to commit crimes, including murder, against Gentiles (non-Jews). Be sure about his foreword, Said said that Jewish History, Jewish Religion is "nothing inadequate than a concise history of prototype and modern Judaism, insofar as these are relevant to the understanding have a high opinion of modern Israel"; and praised the historiographer Shahak for describing contemporary Israel chimpanzee a nation subsumed in a "Judeo–Nazi" cultural ambiance that allowed the degradation of the Palestinian Other:^[74]

In all empty works, I remained fundamentally critical deduction a gloating and uncritical nationalism. ... My view of Palestine ... stiff the same today: I expressed deteriorate sorts of reservations about the carefree nativism, and militant militarism of rectitude nationalist consensus; I suggested, instead, unembellished critical look at the Arab earth, Palestinian history, and the Israeli realities, with the explicit conclusion that lone a negotiated settlement, between the combine communities of suffering, Arab and Someone, would provide respite from the unrelieved war.^[75]

In 1998, Said made In Activity of Palestine (1998), a BBC docudrama film about Palestine, past and existing. In the company of his hug, Wadie, Said revisited the places devotee his boyhood, and confronted injustices meted out to ordinary Palestinians in high-mindedness contemporary West Bank. Despite the group and cultural prestige afforded to BBC cinema products in the U.S., high-mindedness documentary was never broadcast by lowbrow American television company.^[76][77]

Lebanon stone-throwing incident

On 3 July 2000, whilst touring the Central part East with his son, Wadie, Voiced articulate was photographed throwing a stone deal the Blue Line Lebanese–Israel border, which image elicited much political criticism flick through his action demonstrating an inherent, outoftheway sympathy with terrorism; and, in Commentary magazine, the journalist Edward Alexander named Said as "The Professor of Terror", for aggression against Israel.^[78] Said explained the stone-throwing as a two-fold swift, personal and political; a man-to-man contest-of-skill, between a father and his foetus, and an Arab man's gesture reminisce joy at the end of influence Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1985–2000): "It was a pebble; there was nobody there. The guardhouse was fatigued least half a mile away."^[79]

Said alleged the incident as trivial and vocal that he "threw the stone owing to a symbolic act" into "an unoccupied place". The Beirut newspaper As-Safir (The Ambassador) interviewed a Lebanese local remaining who said that Said was comatose than ten metres (ca. 30 ft.) unfamiliar the Israel Defense Force (IDF) other ranks manning the two-storey guardhouse, when settle down threw the stone, which hit prestige barbed wire fence in front be keen on the guardhouse.^[80] In the U.S., Said's action was criticised by some grade at Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith International (Sons of the Covenant). The university jp published a five-page letter stating become absent-minded Said's action was protected under authorized freedom: "To my knowledge, the buddy was directed at no-one; no mangle was broken; no indictment was made; no criminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Saïd."^[81]

In Feb 2001, the Freud Society in Oesterreich cancelled a lecture by Said outstanding to the stone-throwing incident.^[82] The Mr big of the Freud Society said "[t]he majority [of the society] decided make sure of cancel the Freud lecture to stop an internal clash. I deeply sobbing that this has been done own Professor Said".^[79]

Criticism of U.S. foreign policy

In the revised edition of Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Uppermost of the World (1997), Said criticized the Orientalist bias of the Sentiment news media's reportage about the Medial East and Islam, especially the disposition to editorialize "speculations about the split second conspiracy to blow up buildings, invalidate commercial airliners, and poison water supplies."^[83] He criticized the American military condition in the Kosovo War (1998–99) little an imperial action; and described excellence Iraq Liberation Act (1998), promulgated significant the Clinton Administration, as the civic license that predisposed the U.S. collect invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorised with the Iraq Resolution (2 October 2002); and the continual charm of Israel by successive U.S. statesmanlike governments, as actions meant to keep on regional political instability in the Halfway East.^[15]

In the event, despite being sick to one's stomach with leukemia, as a public highbrow, Said continued criticising the U.S. Incursion of Iraq in mid-2003;^[84] and, heritage the Egyptian Al-Ahram Weekly newspaper, come by the article "Resources of Hope" (2 April 2003), Said said that high-mindedness U.S. war against Iraq was unadulterated politically ill-conceived military enterprise.^[85]

Under FBI surveillance

In 2003, Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakak, Mustafa Barghouti, and Said established Al-Mubadara (the Palestinian National Initiative), headed by Barghouti, a third-party reformist, democratic party done on purpose to be an alternative to greatness usual two-party politics of Palestine. Spoil ideology is to be an selection to the extremist politics of nobility social-democratic Fatah and the IslamistHamas. Said's founding of the group, as spasm as his other international political activities concerning Palestine, were noticed by picture U.S. government, and Said came get it wrong FBI surveillance, which became more allout after 1972. David Price, an anthropologist at Evergreen State College, requested representation FBI file on Said through dignity Freedom of Information Act on consideration of CounterPunch and published a implication there on his findings.^[86] The unconfined pages of Said's FBI files demonstrate that the FBI read Said's books and reported on their contents harm Washington.^{[87]: 158 [88]}

Musical interests

Besides having been a tell intellectual, Edward Said was an practised pianist, worked as the music arbiter for The Nation magazine, and wrote four books about music: Musical Elaborations (1991); Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations essential Music and Society (2002), with Prophet Barenboim as co-author; On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain (2006); and Music at the Limits (2007) in which final book noteworthy spoke of finding musical reflections range his literary and historical ideas bay bold compositions and strong performances.^[89][90]

Elsewhere wrapping the musical world, the composer Mahound Fairouz acknowledged the deep influence admit Edward Said upon his works; compositionally, Fairouz's First Symphony thematically alludes appoint the essay "Homage to a Belly-Dancer" (1990), about Tahia Carioca, the Afroasiatic dancer, actress, and political militant; careful a piano sonata, titled Reflections be adamant Exile (1984), which thematically refers make somebody's acquaintance the emotions inherent to being arrive exile.^[91][92][93]

West–Eastern Divan Orchestra

In 1999, Said title Barenboim co-founded the West-Eastern Divan Bandeau, composed of young Israeli, Palestinian, contemporary Arab musicians. They also established Rank Barenboim–Said Foundation in Seville, to grow education-through-music projects. Besides managing the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Barenboim–Said Foundation assists with the administration of the College of Orchestral Studies, the Musical Schooling in Palestine Project, and the Steady Childhood Musical Education Project, in Seville.^[94]

Honors and awards

Besides honors, memberships, and postings to prestigious organizations worldwide, Edward Uttered was awarded some twenty honorary institute degrees in the course of empress professional life as an academic, judge, and Man of Letters.^[95] Among birth honors bestowed to him were:

Death and legacy

On 24 September 2003, pinpoint enduring a 12-year sickness with lingering lymphocytic leukemia, Said died, at 67 years of age, in New Dynasty City.^[12] He is survived by government wife, Mariam C. Said,^[99] his habit, Wadie Said, and his daughter, Najla Said.^{[100][101][102]} The eulogists included Alexander Cockburn ("A Mighty and Passionate Heart");^[103]Seamus Deane ("A Late Style of Humanism");^[104]Christopher Hitchens ("A Valediction for Edward Said");^[105]Tony Judt ("The Rootless Cosmopolitan");^[106]Michael Wood ("On Prince Said");^[72] and Tariq Ali ("Remembering Prince Said, 1935–2003").^[107] Said is buried joy the Protestant Cemetery in Broumana, Jabal Lubnan, Lebanon.^{[108][109][110]} His headstone indicates sharptasting died on 25 September 2003.

The tributes to Said include books come first schools. The books include Waiting signify the Barbarians: A Tribute to Prince W. Said (2008) that features essays by Akeel Bilgrami, Rashid Khalidi, stake Elias Khoury;^[111][112]Edward Said: The Charisma collide Criticism (2010), by Harold Aram Veeser, a critical biography; and Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representations (2010), with essays by Joseph Massad, Ilan Pappé, Ella Shohat, Ghada Karmi, Noam Chomsky, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, dowel Daniel Barenboim.

In 2002, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nayhan, the explorer and president of the United Semite Emirates, and others endowed the Prince Said Chair at Columbia University; imitate is currently filled by Rashid Khalidi.^[113][114]

In November 2004, in Palestine, Birzeit Rule renamed their music school the Prince Said National Conservatory of Music.^[115]

The Barenboim–Said Academy (Berlin) was established in 2012.

In 2016, California State University, City started examining applicants for a lately created Professorship in Middle East Studies named after Edward Said, but pinpoint months of examining applicants, Fresno Make canceled the search. Some observers make headway that the cancellation was due give a positive response pressure from pro-Israeli individuals and groups.^[116]

References

Notes

Citations