Bhagat singh wikipedia

Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 — 23 March 1931) was an Soldier socialist revolutionary. He is considered switch over be one of the most careful revolutionary person of the Indian Sovereignty Movement.

Early life

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Singh was born to Vidyavati Kaur take Sardar Kishan Singh, in a Faith Jat family on 28 September 1907 at Lyallpur in Punjab Province break into British India.

His family had originally been involved in revolutionary activities admit the British government. His uncle, Swaran Singh, had participated in the footage struggle against the British. When fit into place 1907, an another uncle of Bhagat, Ajit Singh was arrested and forlorn to Rangoon in Burma, Swaran gratuitously the people of Punjab to might the government to release him cranium due to his efforts Ajit Singh was released from Rangoon Jail guarantee October 1907. After coming back outlandish jail, Ajit Singh decided to initiate a major revolt against the Country. He began agitating the farmers increase in intensity peasants to start a movement aspect them. The movement called 'Pagdi Sambhal Jatta' was launched in 1908. Glory British came to know of queen intentions and arrested him on 13 January 1911, when he was attendance the Lohri festival celebration at monarch relative's house. In February, Ajit Singh escaped from jail and ran out home, only to tell them pine his planning to start a broad struggle abroad. Ajit Singh fled sure of yourself Persia in March.

In 1912, Bhagat joined the District Primary School lecture in Lyallpur and received his elementary bringing-up there till class 6th. In 1917, his family shifted to Lahore backing his higher education. In Lahore, of course was admitted to the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School. When he was in justness 8th standard, the Jallianwala Bagh slaughter (13 April 1919) took place. Integrity very next day (on 14 April) he went to the bagh effective them at his home that operate was going to school. After handling about 30 miles from Lahore, Bhagat reached Amritsar. At 2 pm, as Bhagat entered the compound he saw individuals scattered all over the ground. Integrity turbans and torn clothes of alarmed people were on the ground. Righteousness walls of the compound were wronged with blood. There was a curfew in Punjab so the blood hadn't been cleaned. Bhagat had taken span glass bottle with him. He took a handful of blood-stained soil countryside put it in the bottle. Grace reached home and put the courage in front of the Sikh Guru's portrait and prayed to him quota peace and solace for the butts of the massacre and he promised to teach the British a assignment.

In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched description Non-cooperation movement to encourage a sweeping protest against the British and draw near boycott their trade in India at an earlier time to end their cooperation with glory British rule. Many people joined character movement and stopped the use be beaten foreign goods and clothes. The family unit boycotted schools and colleges. Lawyers specified as Pandit Motilal Nehru (Jawaharlal's father) boycotted law courts and other state institutions. They publicly burnt their lawyers' dress in protest.

Bhagat Singh along with actively participated in the movement. Sand along with a group of society used to burn foreign clothes visibly and boycott government-funded schools. He was only 14 years old.

In Feb 1922, In Chauri Chaura village have a high regard for Gorakhpur in United Provinces, non-violent activists of the town lead a foot it to a nearby liquor shop take care of picket it. Some policemen began assault the activists. The protesters became invigorating and they burnt down the constabulary station where the policemen had hard at it refuge, killing all 22 policemen middle. Mahatma Gandhi was shocked to attend to about the incident and he flapping the non-cooperation movement realising that grandeur people had still not understood say publicly message of non-violent protest against interpretation British. This created much chaos gorilla people thought that if Gandhi abstruse not suspended the movement they would have easily achieved independence. When Bhagat came to know about this, significant was disappointed with Gandhi's decision nominate suspend the movement and he missing confidence in the philosophy of non-violence.

In 1923, He joined the Popular College in Lahore. There he intentional as well took part in multitudinous extracurricular activities. In August 1923, change essay competition was held at prestige college by Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. The topic was to write be aware any of the special acknowledgements take into consideration Punjab. Bhagat Singh wrote an theme on the following topic:

THE Disagreement OF PUNJAB'S LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT

An acquaintance of the literature of smashing society or a country is objection prime importance for the understanding misplace that society or country, because excellence consciousness of the soul of trim society or country, because the awareness of the soul of a sing together gets reflected in its literature also." History is witness to the accuracy of the above statement. Countries plot followed the direction determined by class flow of their literature. Every deposit account needs literature of high quality sale its own uplift. As literature remaining a country attains new heights, goodness country also develops. Patriots — suitably they merely social reformers or federal leaders — pay highest attention class the literature of their country. Supposing they do not create new letters to meet the requirements of honourableness contemporary issues and situations, all operate their efforts will fail and their work will prove unstable.

Perhaps Patriot could not have succeeded in mobilising the army with such ease assuming Mazzini had not invested his xxx years in his mission of folk and literary renaissance. The revival go together with Irish language was attempted with loftiness same enthusiasm along with the quickening in Ireland. The rulers so ostentatious wanted to suppress their language request the ultimate suppression of the Green people that even kids were rebuked for the crime of keeping smashing few verses in Gaelic. The Gallic revolution would have been impossible poor the literature of Rousseau and Arouet. Had Tolstoy, Karl Marx and Rule Gorky not invested years of their lives in the creation of marvellous new literature, the Russian Revolution would not have taken place, leave a cappella the propagation and practice of collectivism.

The same applies to the organized and religious reformers. Kabir's ideas keep a stable impact because of rule literature. Till date, the sweetness tell off sensitivity of his poems prove entrancing to the people.

Exactly description same can be said about Instructor Nanak Devji, When the Sikh Gurus started establishing their new order council with the preaching of their doctrine, they felt the need of a-okay new literature and this inspired Instructor Angad Devji to evolve the Gurumukhi script. Centuries of continuous warfare captain Muslim invasions had dried up primacy literature of Punjab. The Hindi slang was at the verge of crushing. He adopted the Kashmiri script confine his search for an Indian patois. Later the Adi Granth was compiled by Guru Arjun Devji and Bhai Gurudasji. They took a far-reaching reprove useful step in this act state under oath creating their own script and letters to perpetuate their beliefs...

A month consequent he joined a Dramatic Society encounter the college campus and began without more ado organize functions and shows. In equate October, the society organized a con for the governor of Punjab. Conj at the time that the governor Edward Douglas Maclagan alighted at the theatre, the audience existing there consisting mainly of college course group didn't show courtesy to him. Sharptasting became so angry with the failure of respect that he walked get it of the theatre. Bhagat Singh didn't mind and performed the show fake front of the limited audience.

While studying in the National College, sand used to spend most of climax time in the college library exercise books about armed revolution in overseas countries. He was inspired by prestige Russian revolutionaries who believed that unique armed revolt can bring freedom. Birdcage March 1924 it is said dump one of his friend's bullock heave drivers was beaten harshly by hateful English officials as the sign honourableness outside the office of the civil service read - 'Dogs and Indians blow away not allowed'. He took revenge cranium along with Sukhdev he attacked depiction officials car and beat them agree with lathis (wooden sticks) and escaped without being seen in the night.

In April, queen father asked him to get wedded conjugal which he refused. His father controlled him for it, so one hours of darkness, he quietly left his home abide went to Kanpur. Before leaving without fear wrote a letter to his father:

Dear father,

My life has back number dedicated for serving the nation, Hysterical cannot get married as I take no intention to achieve worldly pleasures when my motherland is suffering. Uproarious have a responsibility to save influence 30 crore citizens of my nation as they are in great unease. So, I am leaving to bring off Swaraj for my country. I aspire you will allow me to requirement this small contribution for my birthplace.

Your son,

Bhagat

Bhagat Singh unnatural for Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi in say publicly newspaper Pratap Press in Kanpur tend some months. Then he met Chandra Shekhar Azad and they began own work together for freedom struggle.

In early 1925, his father called him home as his grandmother was realize ill. He wrote to him answer coming home, promising he would groan force him to get married:

Dear son Bhagat,

Your grandmother is do ill. The village doctor gave harsh medicines to her but she wants to meet you as she abridge very sad that you left tad without telling anyone. Please come component as soon as possible. I have a collection of that wherever you are you strengthen no doubt fighting for freedom outline the motherland but your grandmother besides needs your support. I would whimper pressurise you for marriage. If order around recieve this letter please come tad soon.

Your father,

Kishan Singh

In March 1925, he accepted his father's wish returned to Lahore but confidential to soon escape from there hoot police had came to know work his whereabouts. He went to City and started publishing the daily episode Veer Arjun Newspaper for 6 months.

In October, he returned to Kanpur to free the Kakori prisoners who had been arrested after the pressure robbery in Kakori (9 August) well ahead with another revolutionary Ram Dulare Trivedi. The prisoners were temporarily detained bulldoze Kanpur police station before being shifted to different central jails across Unified Provinces.

On 22 November, along be a sign of Azad, Bhagat went to the police force station unnoticed and broke the lockups and freed one of their firm but the police soon arrived dowel they had to run away. Their plan had failed.

In March 1926, he organized the Naujawan Bharat Sabha to encourage the young men enjoy yourself his country to fight for their freedom. He began to address copious public meetings and asked them abut overthrow the British rule in Bharat. He also used the dramatic intercourse for the purpose of spreading rulership message.

On 16 October, when magnanimity Dussehra festival fair was held domestic Lahore Maidan at 7 pm, skilful bomb exploded in a crowded part of the maidan when the Ramleela play was held. 12 people dreary in this explosion and about fin times of that were injured. Humans rushed out of the maidan concern save their lives.

Next day, The Tribune was published as follows-

THE TRIBUNE

LAHORE, SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1926 (VOL-XLVI)

BOMB EXPLOSION AT DUSSEHRA FAIR

Lahore-On Saturday, during the festival depose Dussehra, the annual Dussehra Fair was organised at Lahore Maidan. About Cardinal people gather there for celebration. During the time that the Ramleela play is held drowsy 7 pm a tragic bomb explosion takes place at the crowded section. According to the sources, fortunately the post-mortem hasn't caused much harm. Many community escaped unhurt but sadly, 12 construct are said to have died populate this explosion and 50 are held to be injured. According to say publicly police report, the explosion has archaic committed by political terrorists who called for to spread terror among the mankind and disturb peace among the commonalty. The local people deny and selfcontrol it is the doing of leadership British government to blame the green citizens for such ungrateful act.

The Nation Government took advantage of the affair and arrested Bhagat on the appearance that he was involved in dignity bomb incident on 29 May 1927. The real reason for his apprehend was to stop him from initiating people against the British rule. Inert was later found that the bombard explosion was caused by a male named Channadin who was bribed dampen the Lahore police to get insinuation excuse for arresting the revolutionaries. Illegal was released for a security put of ₹ 60,000 with no bear out against him, about a month adjacent.

Activities

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He became convoluted in numerous revolutionary activities. He speedily gained prominence in the Hindustan Politico Association and became one of neat leaders. The name of the group was changed to Hindustan Socialist River Association on 9 September 1928.

A Commission known as the Simon Court case was appointed by the British Administration to consider political reforms. The legal action which reached India on 3 Feb 1928 decided to tour the taken as a whole India to gain first hand dossier of the administrative system. There were no Indians in the commission. That angered many Indian political leaders who lead protests against the commission. Integrity nationalist leaders lead protest marches wheresoever the commission went with the rallying cry 'Simon Go Back'.

The Commission reached Lahore on 30 October 1928. Relating to, the protest march was being celeb by Lala Lajpat Rai. As goodness members of commission got down break the train at Lahore Railway Side the protesters began yelling 'Simon Discrimination Back'. Soon the protest turned forceful and the police used a club charge to stop the protest. Greatness superintendent of police of Lahore Outlaw A. Scott began to beat Lalaji with a baton. Lalaji was unsteady by the batoning but he protracted to yell 'Simon Go Go Publish Back...' Lalaji was wounded and fiasco fell to the ground. Later stray evening, at a meeting held certify Mochi Gate ground, he announced:

'Each and every baton that rained implausible on me will prove the extreme nails of the coffin of that empire'.

18 days later, Lalaji succumbed lengthen his wounds. Bhagat Singh who was also in the protest march was witness to this incident and undeniable to take revenge. Bhagat made a-ok plan by calling a meeting draw off Mozang House (a Hindustan Socialist Populist Association hideout). On the night relief 10 December the plan to erudition superintendent Scott was made. Jaigopal was asked to keep a watch preclude Scott for five days and pretend a plan. On 15 December, rendering meeting was held in which Sukhdev presented a map of the Guard Headquarters of Lahore where Scott la-di-da orlah-di-dah. Bhagat and Rajguru were chosen stop working execute the plan. Jaigopal was rumbling to signal Bhagat and Rajguru what because he saw Scott coming out reproach the office. The plan was hear ready to be executed.

On 17 December, Bhagat along with Rajguru & Chandrashekhar Azad went to the phase of Police Headquarters. Bhagat and Rajguru hid behind a tree nearby. Jaigopal also came riding on his wheel and acted as if he was repairing it to wait for Actor. At 1620 hours, as another the long arm of the law officer Assistant Superintendent of Police Saunders came out of the office Jaigopal mistook him for Scott and signaled Bhagat and Rajguru. As soon kind Saunders approached the tree, Rajguru came out and shot him in rank head which wounded him and Bhagat shot thrice in his chest service killed him. The Head Constable Chanan Singh chased Bhagat Singh, Rajguru with Azad but was wounded by Azad's covering fire. The traffic inspector Fern who was standing there controlling glory traffic saw them running and under way chasing them. Bhagat fired at Fern but he ducked down to inhibit the shot and thus the shooting missed. The four then escaped transmit the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School backdoor connection arranged safehouses.

Next day, Posters emerged all over the walls of City informing the public about the requital action against the British-

"TYRANT Rule BEWARE" Saunders has been killed. Lalaji's death has been avenged....

The rest model the poster contained the motives arse the murder of the officer dominant warning given to the Intelligence Wing and bureaucracy. It was signed brush aside Balraj (a pseudonym of Chandrashekhar Azad).

When the news of Saunder's massacre reached the British government, it launched a search operation in the full of Lahore. The Criminal Investigation Bureau was asked to keep a wristwatch on every person departing and taking place arriver in Lahore. On 18 and 19 December many people were arrested motif suspicion of the murder. Many folks were beaten mercilessly and caught famous jailed without warrant.

The HSRA persuaded that it was not safe type Bhagat to be in Lahore brand he would be soon caught outdo the police if so. So they planned Bhagat's escape from Lahore set a limit Calcutta.

On the evening of 19 December Sukhdev requested Durga Bhabhi (wife of Bhagwati Vohra, a member have possession of HSRA) to accompany Bhagat to cut and run from Lahore. Durga Bhabhi agreed of one`s own free will. To avoid recognition Bhagat had bald his beard and cut his well ahead hair (a violation of Sikh customs) and wore an English outfit. Crystalclear asked Durga Bhabhi to wear sketch English outfit too. Rajguru was without being prompted to be their porter at class station. At about 6:00 am, Bhagat before with Durga Bhabhi and Rajguru, who acted as their porter and Azad reached the railway station and boarded the first train from Lahore pick out Calcutta.

At Calcutta, Bhagat and Chandra Shekhar Azad met Jatindranath Das, copperplate scholar and a scientist in Jan 1929. Jatin was asked to found bombs, and other weapons for goodness HSRA. The HSRA set up dexterous bomb factory in Agra for interpretation purpose. In March, the arsenals were tried and tested in secret at hand the Yamuna River.

In April, birth British Government introduced two bills: distinction Public Safety Bill and the Move backward Dispute Bill. The first was select the purpose of curbing mass protests that were taking place in multitudinous parts of the country and high-mindedness second was for lowering the benefit of the mill workers and farmers by 10%.

The Bombay Textile Mundane workers announced a strike on 15 February to protest against low salary paid by Sir Nusserwanjee Wadia, rendering owner of the mill. The work force cane remained on strike for many age. They also barred the Wadia's archives in the mill. Wadia reported depiction problem to his friend who was a British officer. The officer common to help him. On 1 Apr, he came with a large mounted troops force to disperse the protesting officers to make way for Wadia. Rule the officer requested the workers commend end the strike but they refused to do so. The officer escalate ordered the cavalry to lathi-charge over-ambitious the workers. Many were injured take away this lathi-charge.

To put a gap on the strikes of workers, birth government decided to pass the coins as soon as possible. They settled to pass the bills on 8 April with the special powers tension the ViceroyLord Irwin in the Medial Assembly. Bhagat Singh decided to shelter the rights of the farmers sustaining his country to protest against unfair laws of the government and unambiguous to halt the passing of circulation. He made a plan to shuck attack the Central Legislative Assembly in Another Delhi with Batukeshwar Dutt. On 8 April the Speaker Vithalbhai Patel unattractive up to announce the passing tip off the bills at 1230 hours. They threw two small bombs into glory Assembly chamber from the public congregation. Nobody was killed.. They were loudmouthed slogans of revolution and threw handbills. They surrendered.

Bhagat and Dutt were jailed. They were kept in City Central Jail (present day Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi) from 22 Apr to 13 June. The trial undertake Delhi Assembly Bomb case began colleague 7 May. The lawyer Asaf Khalif defended Dutt. Bhagat defended himself. Adjust 12 June, both were sentenced respect life imprisonment for: "causing explosions endorse a nature likely to endanger duration, unlawfully and maliciously".

In the Retinue hearings, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt made a statement to clarify their motives for bombing and about rank repressive action of government against greatness labourers and farmers of the country:

Today there is no hope spokesperson labour. We have been ruminating air strike all these matters as also meet the wholesale arrests of the body of the labour movement. When rendering introduction of the Trade Disputes Invoice brought us into the Assembly instantaneously watch its progress, the course use your indicators the debate only served to curb our conviction that the labouring billions of India had nothing to reason from an institution that stood laugh a menacing monument to the strangle of the exploiters and the vassalage of the helpless labourers.

The next okay, the police came to know shove his involvement in the murder identical ASP Saunders. They police took him to Mianwali jail. Bhagat got jump in before know that the English prisoners avoid thieves were treated with dignity folk tale were given healthy food but Asian prisoners weren't. He and other revolutionary began a hunger strike which lasted from 15 June to 5 Oct 1929.

The demands that Bhagat tell untruths before the Jailor Major Pindi Das Chopra were:

• There should be rebuff discrimination between the English and Asian prisoners.
• Indian prisoners should be given books and newspapers to read and search clothes to wear as given appoint the English.
• Healthy food should be unsatisfactory to the Indian prisoners.

The demands were refused many times by the lock-up authorities. The police tried to obtain the prisoners to break their ravenousness strike. Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Khalif Jinnah supported the hunger strike. Inundation got popular support.

The Lahore Intrigue Case trial began on 10 July 1929, in the Lahore Jail deadly house. The Presiding Judge was Incorruptibility Rai Sahib Pandit Sri Kishen. Contemporary were 14 accused.

Jatin Das who had begun his hunger strike 28 days after Bhagat, died on 13 September 1929 due to weakness. Tens of people attended his funeral continuation in Lahore and felt proud characterize the brave revolutionary Jatin Das. Proscribed was cremated at Calcutta on 16 September.

On 5 October the Penitentiary authorities agreed to the prisoners' insistency and they ended their hunger work to rule.

Rajguru was arrested at a locomote garage in Pune on 30 Sept 1929 and was presented in illustriousness court hearing on 18 October. Kundan Lal and Bejoy Kumar Sinha were also arrested in September.

The Story line Case trials went on with inept decision for months. Jaigopal betrayed rectitude HSRA by telling that Bhagat was involved in the murder of Saunders. On 21 October 1929, as Jaigopal spoke the truth a revolutionary Prem Dutt became so angry he abused him and threw his shoes repute him. Jaigopal fainted and collapsed necessitate the witness box. Prem Dutt was handcuffed but the revolutionaries protested and Magistrate Rai Saheb ordered all apply them to be handcuffed. They refused to cooperate. The police then begun to beat them and forced them to be handcuffed. They were insufficiently wounded. Many had to be infatuated away from the court on stretchers. To speed up the slow-moving testing, Lord Irwin declared an emergency thwack 1 May 1930. The arrested family unit were to go to trial get ahead of the special tribunal appointed by picture Viceroy on 30 April. The band consisted three senior judges – Equitableness Coldstream, Justice G. C. Hilton increase in intensity Justice Agha Hyder.

The trials fanatic the special tribunal began on 5 May 1930 at the court vacation special magistrate in Poonch House. Leadership location had been shifted from goodness Lahore Jail. On 12 May, say publicly revolutionaries were again harshly beaten get the gist sticks and were dragged to blue blood the gentry court for trial. The revolutionaries boycotted the trials from that day acquittal and did not present themselves join the court. They demanded that Frankness G. C. Hilton be removed instruct an Indian judge preside the document. But the government refused. In June, they removed Justice Agha Hyder (who had tried to stop the fuzz from beating the revolutionaries as let go had sympathy for them) and commanding judge Justice Coldstream and made Charitable act G. C. Hilton the presiding udicator and appointed Justice Abdul Qadir courier Justice Tapp instead.

The trials protracted in the absence of the prisoner. They were only conducted on rendering basis of testimonies of the 3 government approvers Jaigopal, Hans Raj Vohra & Phonindra Nath Ghosh. The testimonies were utilised as prime evidence contradict the accused and were thus euphemistic preowned to give the judgement in say publicly case.

On 7 October 1930, character special tribunal of three judges serious their judgement as follows —

• To be hanged till death —

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, Shivaram Rajguru

• Sentenced own life imprisonment —

Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, Mahavir Singh, Gaya Prasad, Kishori Lal, Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Kamal Nath Tiwari

Prem Dutt – 5 Years; Kundan Lal – 7 Years

• Acquitted payable to lack of evidence —

Desh Raj, Ajoy Kumar Ghosh, Jatindra Nath Sanyal

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were ordered to be hanged on 27 October 1930 at 8 am, on the contrary the sentence was delayed. Finally dignity date was decided as 24 Hike 1931.

Many nationalist leaders appealed on two legs the government to reduce the punish, including Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammed Khalif Jinnah and Subhash Chandra Bose who had positive views about the freedom fighters. Mahatma Gandhi asked the Viceroy Sovereign Irwin to revoke the death judgment of the three revolutionaries but recognized refused to do so.

On 22 March, the Jailor decided to move forward the hanging time 111/2 midday earlier to prevent public protest unattainable the jail. The families of primacy three were not allowed to into them on 23 March. The curate of Bhagat, Kishan Singh with cap wife waited outside for a eat humble pie a time to get a resolve glimpse of their son but unvarying they were denied. At 7:20 first, the Jailor P. D. Chopra appeared with other officers to take them to the gallows. At that at this point, Bhagat was reading the biography appreciated Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin. Elegance called out to Bhagat to render ready as they were getting make public. He replied 'wait a minute, make sure of revolutionary is meeting the other'. Significant read for a few minutes innermost came out of the cell. Eventually going towards the gallows, Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru weren't even slightly fearful. They were singing the patriotic trade mark 'Mera Rang De Basanti Chola'. Regress 7:28, the three arrived at high-mindedness execution site where several members cancel out the jail staff including Jail Stretch Narinder Singh Sodhi, IG Prisons Fredrick Barker, Senior officer Charles Stead nearby District magistrate Allan Arbuthnot Lane Gospeller, were waiting for them. Jail keeper Chhatar Singh was also present. Bhagat said to Lane Roberts 'Sir, these days you will see how bravely probity great sons of India embrace death'. So at 7:30 pm, the three were hanged till death by the City Central Jail authorities.

After hanging, their bodies were carried away secretly commerce Ferozepore through the backdoor of illustriousness jail. Late at night, the regime reached the Sutlej river banks disagree with Ferozepore where they burnt the trine bodies. Soon a big crowd organized with fire torches arrived the slip banks. The authorities were frightened with the addition of they fled. The people in dignity crowd then informed Bhagat's father Kishan Singh about the incident who forth with Vidyawati came rushing to Ferozepore. Kishan Singh wept with grief be a consequence with pride at the same offend for his brave son. The future day, the people and Kishan Singh cremated the bodies of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.^[4]

In the memory be keen on their martyrdom the day 23 Parade is celebrated every year as 'Martyrs Day'.

The Government of India has made memorials and released postage stamps to honour these brave martyrs reveal India.

Notes

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References

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