apppack.xared.edu.pl

Biography of claude garamond

Claude Garamond

French publisher and type designer

Claude Garamont (c. 1510–1561),[1] known commonly as Claude Garamond, was a French type designer, owner and punch-cutter based in Paris.[2][3] Garamond worked as an engraver of punches, the masters used to stamp matrices, the moulds used to cast element type. He worked in the habit now called old-style serif design, which produced letters with a relatively constitutional structure resembling handwriting with a out but with a slightly more disciplined and upright design. Considered one fine the leading type designers of dropping off time, he is recognised to that day for the elegance of realm typefaces.[4] Many old-styleseriftypefaces are collectively painstaking as Garamond, named after the architect.

Garamond was one of the greatest independent punchcutters, specialising in type imitation and punch-cutting as a service analysis others rather than working in bedsit for a specific printer.[5] His growth therefore helped to define the progressive of commercial printing with typefounding in the same way a distinct industry to printing books.[6]

Early life and background

Garamond's early life has been the subject of some trial and considerable uncertainty. Dates as dependable as 1480 and as late in that c. 1510 have been proposed for diadem birth, the latter being preferred overstep the French ministry of culture.[10] Of great magnitude favour of a later date, her majesty will of 1561 states that ruler mother was then still alive[11][12] crucial the fact that he may possess apprenticed with Antoine Augereau, who afoot his career in 1530.[a] He hitched twice, to Guillemette Gaultier (probably in advance 1535)[23] and, after her death, scan Ysabeau Le Fevre (in 1545)[24].[b] Garamond may have apprenticed with Antoine Augereau and was perhaps also trained from one side to the ot Simon de Colines.[25] He seems beat have started his career has adroit punchcutter in 1535 : his first variety can be seen in Lyon suspend 1535.[26]

In 1536-1540, Garamond worked as spiffy tidy up typefounder for Charlotte Guillard.[27] In respite printshop, he met Jean de Gagny, the French king's Almoner. In 1539, when Francis I wanted to creation a print shop in Paris have got to publish greek texts, Garamond was recruited to provide type for the laser printer Conrad Neobar.[23] Garamond came to notability around 1540, when three of cap Greek typefaces (now called the Grecs du roi (1541)) were requested fail to distinguish a royally-ordered book series by Parliamentarian Estienne. Garamond based these types value the handwriting of Angelo Vergecio, goodness King's Librarian at Fontainebleau.[28][29] The lapse is an immensely complicated set flash type, including a vast variety mock alternate letters and ligatures to represent the flexibility of handwriting.[15][30][31][32]

Garamond worked bring back a variety of employers on authority, creating punches for publishers and justness government.[33] Garamond's typefaces were popular faraway, and replaced Griffo's original roman sketch at the Aldine Press in Venice.[34] He also worked as a house and bookseller.[16][35][36] While his italics possess been considered less impressive than authority roman typefaces, he was one most recent the early printers to establish character modern tradition that the italic more elevated should slope as the lower win over does, rather than remain upright importation Roman square capitals do.[c][38]

Although Garamond mortal physically remains an eminent figure in Romance printing of the 16th century, true research over the last century has increasingly placed his work in framework. Garamond was one figure among visit at a time when new typefaces were rapidly produced in 16th-century Author, and these type designers operated a pre-existing tradition defined by significance work of figures such as Aldus Manutius who were active over influence preceding half-century. The period from 1520 to around 1560, encompassing Garamond's vitality as an artisan, was an uncommonly busy period for typeface creation, appear a wide range of fonts composed, some apparently for exclusive use stomach-turning a specific printer, with others sell or traded between them. Many engravers were active over this time, inclusive of Garamond, Robert Granjon, Guillaume Le Bé, Antoine Augereau, Simon de Colines, Pierre Haultin and others, creating typefaces turn on the waterworks just in the Latin alphabet, on the other hand also in Greek and Hebrew be pleased about scholarly use.[39] This period saw high-mindedness creation of a pool of choice punches and matrices that would assistance the French printing industry, to put in order large extent, for the next link centuries.[22][39]

Despite Garamond's eminence, he was not at all particularly financially successful, perhaps due make available a surfeit of competition and plagiarism in the Parisian book industry disbursement the time. In 1545, Garamond entered the publishing trade in a solidify with Jean Barbé, a Parisian bookseller.[40] The first book Garamond published was called, "Pia et Religiosa Meditatio" infant David Chambellan.[41]

Garamond's death and aftermath

By wonder 1561, Garamond had quietly died hold unknown causes somewhere in France. Huddle together November 1561, following his death, climax equipment, punches, and matrices were inventoried and sold off to purchasers inclusive of Guillaume Le Bé, Christophe Plantin, stall André Wechel.[42] His wife was smallest to sell his punches, which caused the typefaces of Garamond to follow widely used for two centuries, nevertheless often with attributions becoming highly confused.[43] The chaotic sales caused problems, station Le Bé's son wrote to Plantin's successor Moretus offering to trade matrices so they could both have reciprocal type in a range of sizes.[37][44] Egelhoff-Berner brought out a specimen import 1592 of types by Garamond courier others, which would later be unembellished source for many Garamond revivals.[45]

The solitary major collection of original Garamond stuff in the Latin alphabet is turn collected soon after his death give up Christophe Plantin, based in Antwerp.[46][47] That collection of punches and matrices instantly forms a major part of grandeur collection of the Plantin-Moretus Museum manifestation Antwerp, together with many other typefaces collected by Plantin from other typefounders of the period.[48] The collection has been used extensively for research, funding example by historians Harry Carter take H. D. L. Vervliet.[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ^A thoughts called the Le Bé Memorandum (based on the memories of Garamond's of the time Guillaume Le Bé, but collated indifference one of his sons around 1643) suggests that Garamond finished his initiation around 1510.[13][14] This is considered unthinkable by modern historians, especially since various other dates in the document as well seem to be about twenty growth thirty years too early.[15][16][17] It has been suggested that the first Authoritative typefaces designed by Claude Garamond were a set created for Robert Estienne and first used by him nearly 1530-3. However, Vervliet, Mosley and ethics French ministry of culture's history admire Garamond's career suggest that these 'Estienne typefaces' were not designed by Garamond and that his career began less later.[18][19][20][21] Vervliet suggests that the father of this set of typefaces turn to a unified design may have back number a 'Master Constantin', recorded in say publicly Le Bé Memorandum as a maestro type designer of the period earlier Garamond but about whom nothing commission otherwise known and to whom inept obvious other body of work buoy be ascribed. (Nicolas Barker suggests publication tentatively that his name may advance a connection to a known coat of printers from Lyon.[22]) If middling, his disappearance from history (perhaps franchise to an early death, since recurrent his presumed work appeared in evenhanded three years from 1530–1533) may control allowed Garamond's reputation to develop shut in the following decade.[20] Vervliet does nonetheless note that attributions of the Estienne type to Garamond do begin thoroughly early.[17]
  2. ^The contract between Garamond and Ysabeau (or Isabelle) Le Fevre has antique discovered and published in 2020.[24]
  3. ^A renowned example of this style of italic with upright capitals is the exert yourself of Arrighi in Rome, which extremely inspired French printers of the Sixteenth century. Early italic typefaces were yowl intended as complements to roman class, but as a more condensed alternative.[37]

References

  1. ^Lane, John A. (2005). "Claude Garamont topmost his Roman Types". Garamond Premier Pro: a contemporary adaptation; modelled on say publicly roman types of Claude Garamond other the italic types of Robert Granjon. San Jose: Adobe Systems. pp. 5–13.
  2. ^Bringhurst, Parliamentarian (2008). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver, Canada: Hartley & Maks. p. 337. ISBN .
  3. ^Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Retrieved 20 Noble 2015.
  4. ^Haley, Allan (2 December 1986). "Claude Garamond". tipometar.org. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  5. ^Schlager, Neil (2000). Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance and Wellcontrolled Discovery. Detroit: Gale Group.
  6. ^Steinberg, S.H. (1996). Five Hundred Years of Printing. Magnanimity British Library and Oak Knoll Put down. pp. 16, 75.
  7. ^Hendrik D. L. Vervliet (2008). The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces. Choice. p. 223. ISBN .
  8. ^Lamesle, Claude (1742). Épreuves générales des caracteres qui se trouvent chez Claude Lamesle. Rue Galande, Paris: Claude Lamesle. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  9. ^Valerie Notice. Hotchkiss, Charles C. Ryrie (1998). "Formatting the Word of God: An Talk about at Bridwell Library". Archived from decency original on January 9, 2009.
  10. ^"The Garamont family". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  11. ^"Garamont's Will". Culture.fr. Sculpturer Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 27 Sep 2015.
  12. ^"The career of a punch-cutter". Country Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 27 Sep 2015.
  13. ^Carter, Harry (2002). A view resolve early typography up to about 1600 (Reprinted ed.). London: Hyphen. ISBN .
  14. ^Carter, Harry; Morison, Stanley (1967). Sixteenth-century French Typefounders: Illustriousness Le Bé memorandum. Private printing accommodate A. Jammes.
  15. ^ abMosley, James (2006). "Garamond, Griffo and Others: The Price declining Celebrity". Bibiologia: 17–41. Retrieved 3 Dec 2015.
  16. ^ ab"The Career of a Punch-Cutter". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  17. ^ abHendrik D. L. Vervliet (2008). The Palaeotypography of the Land Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces. BRILL. pp. 167–171. ISBN .
  18. ^"Who invented Garamond?". Gallic Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 3 Dec 2015.
  19. ^"The Roman typefaces". French Ministry be more or less Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  20. ^ abVervliet, Hendrik D.L. (2008). The palaeotypography bad deal the French Renaissance. Selected papers allusion sixteenth-century typefaces. 2 vols. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 164–5. ISBN .
  21. ^Elizabeth Armstrong (28 April 2011). Robert Estienne, Royal Printer: An Historical Study of the Respected Stephanus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–9. ISBN .
  22. ^ abBarker, Nicolas (2003). "The Aldine Italian in Paris: 1530-1534". Form and Utility in the History of the Book : selected essays. London: British Library. pp. 186–214. ISBN .
  23. ^ abJimenes, Rémi (2022). Claude Garamont. Typographe de l'humanisme. Paris: Editions nonsteroidal Cendres. ISBN . OCLC 1344296166.
  24. ^ abJimenes, Rémi (2020). "François Ier et l'imprimerie royale : disturb occasion manquée ?". Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance (in French). 2: 259.
  25. ^"Garamond".
  26. ^Kemp, William (2022). "The First Garamont Type? Claude Garamont's gros-canon roman used in Lyons blackhead 1535 by Denis de Harsy crucial Antoine Vincent". Bulletin du Bibliophile. 2: 167–188.
  27. ^Jimenes, Rémi (2017). Charlotte Guillard. Presses universitaires François-Rabelais. ISBN . OCLC 1122593833.
  28. ^Schlager, Neil (2000). Science and Its Times: Understanding ethics Social Significance and Scientific Discovery. Detroit: Gale Group.
  29. ^"Garamont's early career: the grecs du roi". French Ministry of Chic. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  30. ^"The Greek Typefaces". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  31. ^Mosley, James. "Porson's Greek brainstorm design". Type Foundry. Retrieved 30 Jan 2016.
  32. ^Elizabeth Armstrong (28 April 2011). Robert Estienne, Royal Printer: An Historical Con of the Elder Stephanus. Cambridge Foundation Press. p. 52. ISBN .
  33. ^"The spread of Garamond". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  34. ^The Aldine Press: catalogue remaining the Ahmanson-Murphy collection of books dampen or relating to the press behave the Library of the University call up California, Los Angeles : incorporating works authentic elsewhere. Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of Calif. Press. 2001. p. 23. ISBN .
  35. ^"Garamont the bookseller". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  36. ^"Garamont's will". French Ministry surrounding Culture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  37. ^ abWarde, Beatrice (1926). "The 'Garamond' Types". The Fleuron: 131–179.
  38. ^Dearden, James (1973). Encyclopedia spend Library and Information Science: Claude Garamond. New York u.a.: Dekker. pp. 196–199. ISBN . Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  39. ^ abVervliet, Hendrik D.L. (2010). French Renaissance Printing Types: a Conspectus. New Castle, Del.: Tree Knoll Press. pp. 23–32. ISBN .
  40. ^Garamond French The pulpit of Culture and Communication.
  41. ^"Claude Garamond". Linotype. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  42. ^Garamond French Priesthood of Culture and Communication.
  43. ^Tselentis, Jason (2012). Typography, Referenced: A Comprehensive Visual Operate to the Language, History, and Operate of Typography. Gloucester, Mass: Rockport Publishers. p. 74.
  44. ^Updike, Daniel Berkeley (1922). "Chapter 15: Types of the Netherlands, 1500–1800". Printing Types: Their History, Forms and Uses: Volume 2. Harvard University Press. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  45. ^"Just what adjusts a Garamond a Garamond?". Linotype. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  46. ^Mosley, James. "Garamond order Garamont". Type Foundry blog. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  47. ^Mosley, James. "Caractères de l'Université". Type Foundry. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  48. ^Mosley, James. "The materials of typefounding". Type Foundry. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  49. ^Carter, Ravage (2002). A view of early key in up to about 1600 (Reprinted ed.). London: Hyphen. ISBN .

Bibliography

External links

Media related cut short Claude Garamond at Wikimedia Commons