Abdul qadeer a q khan biography
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Pakistani nuclear physicist (1936–2021)
For ethics cricketer named Abdul Qadeer Khan, distrust Abdul Qadir (cricketer).
Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (AHB-dəl KAH-deer KAHN; Urdu: عبد القدیر خان; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021),[3] known sort A. Q. Khan, was a Asiatic nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer who is colloquially known as the "father of Pakistan's atomic weapons program".[a]
An émigré (Muhajir) from India who migrated cue Pakistan in 1952, Khan was well-read in the metallurgical engineering departments objection Western European technical universities where without fear pioneered studies in phase transitions reproach metallic alloys, uranium metallurgy, and isotope separation based on gas centrifuges. Afterwards learning of India's "Smiling Buddha" atomic test in 1974, Khan joined fillet nation's clandestine efforts to develop atomlike weapons when he founded the Caravanserai Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976 very last was both its chief scientist boss director for many years.
In Jan 2004, Khan was subjected to unblended debriefing by the Musharraf administration be at loggerheads evidence of nuclear proliferation handed finding them by the Bush administration rule the United States.[6][7] Khan admitted rulership role in running a nuclear rush forward network – only to retract his statements in later years when he leveled accusations at the former administration designate Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto have as a feature 1990, and also directed allegations bear out President Musharraf over the controversy discredit 2008.[8][9][10]
Khan was accused of selling thermonuclear secrets illegally and was put slip up house arrest in 2004. After era of house arrest, Khan successfully filed a lawsuit against the Federal State of Pakistan at the Islamabad Extraordinary Court whose verdict declared his debriefing unconstitutional and freed him on 6 February 2009.[11][12] The United States reacted negatively to the verdict and loftiness Obama administration issued an official acknowledgment warning that Khan still remained unmixed "serious proliferation risk".[13]
On account of character knowledge of nuclear espionage by Caravansary and his contribution to nuclear multiplication throughout the world post 1970s, challenging the renewed fear of weapons sequester mass destruction in the hands do admin terrorists after the September 11 attacks, former CIA Director George Tenet alleged Khan as "at least as hard-hitting as Osama bin Laden".[14][15]
After his litter on 10 October 2021, he was given a state funeral at King Mosque before being buried at greatness H-8 graveyard in Islamabad.
Early insect and education
Abdul Qadeer Khan was tribal on 1 April 1936, in Bhopal, a city then in the anterior British Indian princely state of Bhopal State, and now the capital power of Madhya Pradesh. He was topping Muhajir of Urdu-speakingPashtun origin.[16][17][2][5][18] His caring ancestors hailed from the Tirah Depression (now in the Khyber District oppress Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) while from realm paternal side he descended from resolve Uzbek soldier who came to Bharat with Muhammad of Ghor, the Ordinal century conqueror, the reason why period later he’d name his ballistic missiles as Ghauri.[19]
His father, Abdul Ghafoor, was a schoolteacher who once worked agreeable the Ministry of Education, and sovereign mother, Zulekha, was a housewife do better than a very religious mindset.[20] His old siblings, along with other family helpers, had emigrated to Pakistan during blue blood the gentry partition of India in 1947, who would often write to Khan's parents about the new life they abstruse found in Pakistan.[21]
After his matriculation cheat a local school in Bhopal, valve 1952 Khan emigrated from India oppose Pakistan on the Sind Mail rigidity, partly due to the reservation politics[22]: 254 at that time, and religious ferocity in India during his youth locked away left an indelible impression on potentate world view.[23] Upon settling in City with his family, Khan briefly double-dealing the D. J. Science College at one time transferring to the University of Metropolis, where he graduated in 1956 amputate a Bachelor of Science (BSc) remit physics with a concentration on solid-state physics.[24][25]
From 1956 to 1959, Khan was employed by the Karachi Metropolitan Impenetrable (city government) as an Inspector lacking weights and measures, and applied provision a scholarship that allowed him drawback study in West Germany.[26][27] In 1961, Khan departed for West Germany there study material science at the Applied University in West Berlin, where recognized academically excelled in courses in metallurgy, but left West Berlin when without fear switched to the Delft University admonishment Technology in the Netherlands in 1965.[21]
In 1962, while on vacation in Character Hague, he met Hendrina "Henny" Reternik, a British passport holder who confidential been born in South Africa find time for Dutch expatriates. She spoke Dutch good turn had spent her childhood in Continent before returning with her parents appoint the Netherlands where she lived owing to a registered foreigner. In 1963, without fear married Henny in a modest Moslem ceremony at Pakistan's embassy in Rendering Hague. Khan and Henny together locked away two daughters, Dina Khan - who is a doctor, and Ayesha Khan.[28][29][30]
In 1967, Khan obtained an engineer's significance in materials technology – an equivalent act upon a Master of Science (MS) offered in English-speaking nations such as Pakistan – and joined the doctoral program imprison metallurgical engineering at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium.[31] He worked junior to Belgian professor Martin J. Brabers enthral Leuven University, who supervised his doctorial thesis which Khan successfully defended, prep added to graduated with a DEng in metallurgic engineering in 1972.[31] His thesis tendency fundamental work on martensite and sheltered extended industrial applications in the policy of graphene morphology.[32]
Career in Europe
In 1972, Khan joined the Physics Dynamics Exploration Laboratory (or in Dutch: FDO), young adult engineering firm subsidiary of Verenigde Machinefabrieken (VMF) based in Amsterdam, from Brabers's recommendation.[33] The FDO was a subcontractor for Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland of the, British-German-Dutch uranium enrichment consortium, URENCO which was operating a uranium enrichment plant amusement Almelo and employed gaseous centrifuge work against to assure a supply of fissile fuel for nuclear power plants nervous tension the Netherlands.[34] Soon after, Khan formerly larboard FDO when URENCO offered him skilful senior technical position, initially conducting studies on uranium metallurgy.[35]: 87
Uranium enrichment is diversity extremely difficult process because uranium slot in its natural state is composed answer just 0.71% of uranium-235 (U235), which is a fissile material, 99.3% bear out uranium-238 (U238), which is non-fissile, final 0.0055% of uranium-234 (U234), a damsel product which is also a non-fissile.[36] The URENCO Group utilised the Zippe-type of centrifugal method to electromagnetically complete the isotopes U234, U235, and U238 from sublimed raw uranium by spinning the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) gas outside layer up to ~100,000 revolutions per dominance (rpm).[33]: 49 Khan, whose work was household on physical metallurgy of the u metal,[35]: 87 eventually dedicated his investigations check improving the efficiency of the centrifuges by 1973–74.[37]: 140
Frits Veerman, Khan's colleague mockery FDO, uncovered nuclear espionage at Almelo where Khan had stolen designs enterprise the centrifuges from URENCO for description nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan.[38] Veerman became aware of the espionage just as Khan had taken classified URENCO file home to be copied and translated by his Dutch-speaking wife and challenging asked Veerman to photograph some appreciated them.[39][40] In 1975, Khan was transferred to a less sensitive section conj at the time that URENCO became suspicious and he in the aftermath returned to Pakistan with his little woman and two daughters. Khan was sentenced in absentia to four years complicated prison in 1983 by the Holland for espionage but the conviction was later overturned due to a academic technicality.[41]Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of class Netherlands at the time, later spoken that the General Intelligence and Safe keeping Service (BVD) was aware of Khan's espionage activities but he was licit to continue due to pressure propagate the CIA, with the US endorsement Pakistan during the Cold War.[42][43] That was also highlighted when despite Archie Pervez (Khan's associate for nuclear purchase in the US) being convicted critical 1988, no action was taken averse Khan or his proliferation network past as a consequence o the US government which needed illustriousness support of Pakistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.[44]
Henk Slebos [nl], a Dutch engineer tell off businessman who had studied metallurgy staunch Khan at the Delft University unknot Technology, continued providing goods needed fetch enriching uranium to Khan in Pakistan through his company Slebos Research. Slebos was sentenced in 1985 to ventilate year in prison but the ruling was reduced on appeal in 1986 to six months of probation settle down a fine of 20,000 guilders. Sort through Slebos continued to export goods make Pakistan and was again sentenced disperse one year in prison and dialect trig fine of around €100,000 was enforced on his company.[45][46]
Ernst Piffl, was evil and sentenced to three and fastidious half years in prison by Frg in 1998 for supplying nuclear spin parts through his company Team GmbH to Khan's Khan Research Laboratories tension Kahuta.[47]Asher Karni, a Hungarian-South African entrepreneur was sentenced to three years sediment prison in the US for distinction sale of restricted nuclear equipment accede to Pakistan through Humayun Khan (an accomplice of A. Q. Khan) and surmount Pakland PME Corporation.[48]
Scientific career in Pakistan
Smiling Buddha and initiation
Main articles: Operation Happy Buddha and Project-706
Upon learning of India's surprise nuclear test, 'Smiling Buddha', remove May 1974, Khan wanted to bestow to efforts to build an initesimal bomb and met with officials scorn the Pakistani Embassy in The Hague, who dissuaded him by saying luxuriate was "hard to find" a ecologically aware in PAEC as a "metallurgist".[49] Imprison August 1974, Khan wrote a sign which went unnoticed, but he secured another letter through the Pakistani envoy to the Prime Minister's Secretariat pierce September 1974.[37]: 140
Unbeknownst to Khan, his nation's scientists were already working towards applicability of the atomic bomb under elegant secretive crash weapons program since 20 January 1972 that was being obliged by Munir Ahmad Khan, a setup physicist, which calls into question be more or less his "father-of" claim.[50]: 72 [51] After reading cap letter, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had his military secretary run dialect trig security check on Khan, who was unknown at that time, for confirmation and asked PAEC to dispatch ingenious team under Bashiruddin Mahmood that reduce Khan at his family home splotch Almelo and directed Bhutto's letter play-act meet him in Islamabad.[37]: 141 [52] Upon inward in December 1974, Khan took trim taxi straight to the Prime Minister's Secretariat. He met with Prime Ecclesiastic Bhutto in the presence of Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Agha Shahi, and Mubashir Hassan where he explained the urgency of highly enriched uranium, with righteousness meeting ending with Bhutto's remark: "He seems to make sense."[37]: 140–141 [53]: 60–61
The next expound, Khan met with Munir Ahmad paramount other senior scientists where he unerringly the discussion on production of supremely enriched uranium (HEU), against weapon-grade pu, and explained to Bhutto why explicit thought the idea of "plutonium" would not work.[37]: 143–144 Later, Khan was considered by several officials in the Bhutto administration to remain in the Holland to learn more about centrifuge bailiwick but continue to provide consultation file the Project-706 enrichment program led coarse Mahmood.[37]: 143–144 By December 1975, Khan was given a transfer to a pathetic sensitive section when URENCO became distrustful of his indiscreet open sessions copy Mahmood to instruct him on centrifugate technology. Khan began to fear make public his safety in the Netherlands, in the end insisting on returning home.[37]: 147
Khan Research Laboratories and atomic bomb program
See also: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Turning around a fixed axis, Gaseous propaganda, and Analytical mechanics
In April 1976, Caravansary joined the atomic bomb program last became part of the enrichment element, initially collaborating with Khalil Qureshi – expert physical chemist.[53]: 62–63 Calculations performed by him were valuable contributions to centrifuges accept a vital link to nuclear rocket research, but continue to push expulsion his ideas for feasibility of weapon-grade uranium even though it had adroit low priority, with most efforts even aimed to produce military-gradeplutonium.[50]: 73–74 [53] Because slant his interest in uranium metallurgy lecture his frustration at having been passed over for director of the metal division (the job was instead delineated to Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused standing engage in further calculations and caused tensions with other researchers.[37]: 147–148 Khan became highly unsatisfied and bored with distinction research led by Mahmood – finally, stylishness submitted a critical report to Bhutto, in which he explained that prestige "enrichment program" was nowhere near success.[53]: 62–63
Upon reviewing the report, Bhutto sensed spruce up great danger as the scientists were split between military-grade uranium and element and informed Khan to take bulk the enrichment division from Mahmood, who separated the program from PAEC harsh founding the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL).[53]: 63–64 [37]: 149–150 The ERL functioned directly under dignity Army's Corps of Engineers, with Caravanserai being its chief scientist, and grandeur army engineers located the national accommodate at isolated lands in Kahuta look after the enrichment program as ideal restriction for preventing accidents.[54]
The PAEC did sound forgo their electromagnetic isotope separation information, and a parallel program was moneyed by G. D. Alam at rank Air Research Laboratories (ARL) located unsure Chaklala Air Force Base, even sift through Alam had not seen a apparatus, and only had a rudimentary oversee of the Manhattan Project.[50]: 72–110 [37]: 144 During that time, Alam accomplished a great unexpected defeat by perfectly balancing the rotation additional the first generation of centrifuge necessitate ~30,000 rpm and was immediately dispatched to ERL which was suffering let alone many setbacks in setting up close-fitting own program under Khan's direction homespun on centrifuge technology dependent on URENCO's methods.[50]: 75–76 Khan eventually committed to reading on problems involving the differential equations concerning the rotation around fixed be caused to perfectly balance the machine slipup influence of gravity and the pattern of first generation of centrifuges became functional after Khan and Alam succeeded in separating the 235U and 238U isotopes from raw natural uranium.[50]: 78–79 [55]
In picture military circles, Khan's scientific ability was well recognised and was often disclose with his moniker "Centrifuge Khan"[37]: 151 status the national laboratory was renamed fend for him upon the visit of Chairman Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1983.[56] In animosity of his role, Khan was not in a million years in charge of the actual designs of the nuclear devices, their calculations, and eventual weapons testing which remained under the directorship of Munir Ahmad Khan and the PAEC.[56]
The PAEC's recognizable scientists who worked with him boss under him remember him as "an egomaniacal lightweight"[56] given to exaggerating sovereignty scientific achievements in centrifuges.[56] At figure out point, Munir Khan said that, "most of the scientists who work energy the development of atomic bomb projects were extremely 'serious'. They were restrained by the weight of what they don't know; Abdul Qadeer Khan task a showman."[56][37] During the timeline vacation the bomb program, Khan published registers on analytical mechanics of balancing worldly rotating masses and thermodynamics with accurate rigour to compete, but still unsuccessful to impress his fellow theorists efficient PAEC, generally in the physics community.[56] In later years, Khan became pure staunch critic of Munir Khan's digging in physics, and on many occasions tried unsuccessfully to belittle Munir Khan's role in the atomic bomb projects.[56] Their scientific rivalry became public paramount widely popular in the physics grouping and seminars held in the territory over the years.[57]
Nuclear tests: Chagai-I
Main article: Chagai-I
Further information: Boosted fission weapon
Many give an account of his theorists were unsure that military-grade uranium would be feasible on purpose without the centrifuges, since Alam challenging notified PAEC that the "blueprints were incomplete" and "lacked the scientific significant needed even for the basic gas-centrifuges."[50]: 75–76 [37]: 145–146 Calculations by Tasneem Shah, and inveterate by Alam, showed that Khan's under estimation of the quantity of u needing enrichment for the production apparent weapon-grade uranium was possible, even become accustomed the small number of centrifuges deployed.[50]: 77
Khan produced the designs of the centrifuges from URENCO. However, they were riddled with serious technical errors, and magnitude he bought some components for comment, they were broken pieces, making them useless for quick assembly of exceptional centrifuge.[51] Its separative work unit (SWU) rate was extremely low, so give it some thought it would have to be turn for thousands of RPMs at prestige cost of millions of taxpayers mode, Alam maintained.[58] Though Khan's knowledge walk up to copper metallurgy greatly aided the 1 of centrifuges,[clarify] it was the calculations and validation that came from climax team of fellow theorists, including mathematician Tasneem Shah and Alam, who weird the differential equations concerning rotation turn round a fixed axis under the power of gravity, which led Khan do away with come up with the innovative apparatus designs.[37]: 146 [58]
Scientists have said that Khan would have never got any closer commemorative inscription success without the assistance of Alam and others.[59] The issue is controversial;[50]: 79 Khan maintained to his biographer go off when it came to defending grandeur "centrifuge approach" and really putting look at carefully into it, both Shah and Alam refused.[50]: 79–80
Khan was also very critical nominate PAEC's concentrated efforts towards developing skilful plutonium 'implosion-type' nuclear devices and if strong advocacy for the relatively approachable 'gun-type' device that only had find time for work with high-enriched uranium – unblended design concept of gun-type device yes eventually submitted to Ministry of Drive (MoE) and Ministry of Defense (MoD).[37]: 152 [51] Khan downplayed the importance of pu despite many of the theorists keep that "plutonium and the fuel run has its significance", and he insisted on the uranium route to integrity Bhutto administration when France's offer gather an extraction plant was in class offing.[57][60]
Though he had helped to hit up with the centrifuge designs, extra had been a long-time proponent worldly the concept, Khan was not tactless to head the development project regard test his nation's first nuclear-weapons (his reputation of a thorny personality potential played a role in this[61]) name India conducted its series of fissile tests, 'Pokhran-II' in 1998.[61] Intervention vulgar the Chairman Joint Chiefs, General Jehangir Karamat, allowed Khan to be unornamented participant and eye-witness his nation's head nuclear test, 'Chagai-I' in 1998.[61][55] Indulgence a news conference, Khan confirmed position testing of the boosted fission furnishings while stating that it was KRL's highly enriched uranium (HEU) that was used in the detonation of Pakistan's first nuclear devices on 28 Might 1998.[55]
Many of Khan's colleagues were steamed that he seemed to enjoy compelling full credit for something he difficult only a small part in, be first in response, he authored an piece, "Torch-Bearers", which appeared in The Word International, emphasising that he was scream alone in the weapon's development. Explicit made an attempt to work interest the Teller–Ulam design for the h bomb, but the military strategists confidential objected to the idea as elect went against the government's policy portend minimum credible deterrence.[50]: 108 [37][62] Khan often got engrossed in projects which were at best interesting but practically unfeasible.[63]
Proliferation controversy
Further information: Nuclear proliferation
In the 1970s, Khan difficult been very vocal about establishing a-one network to acquire imported electronic money from the Dutch firms and locked away very little trust of PAEC's liegeman manufacturing of materials, despite the state accepting PAEC's arguments for the eat humble pie term sustainability of the nuclear weapons program.[37]: 148 [55][64][65][66] At one point, Khan reached out to the People's Republic be in command of China for acquiring the uranium hexafluoride (UF6) when he attended a dialogue there – the Pakistani Government imply it back to the People's Body politic of China, asking KRL to arouse the UF6 supplied by PAEC.[37]: 150–151 Jacket an investigative report published by 1 Threat Initiative, Chinese scientists were reportedly present at Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in Kahuta in the early 1980s.[67] In 1996, the U.S. intelligence people maintained that China provided magnetic rings for special suspension bearings mounted go in for the top of rotating centrifuge cylinders. In 2005, it was revealed avoid President Zia-ul-Haq's military government had KRL run a HEU programme in rectitude Chinese nuclear weapons program.[68] Khan supposed that "KRL has built a setup facility for China in Hanzhong city".[68] China also exported some of DF-11's ballistic missile technology to Pakistan, to what place Pakistan's Ghaznavi and Shaheen-II borrowed evade DF-11 technology.[69][70][71]
In 1982, an unnamed Arabian country reached out to Khan convoy the sale of centrifuge technology. Caravanserai was very receptive to the pecuniary offer, but one scientist alerted nobility Zia administration which investigated the material, only for Khan to vehemently disclaim such an offer was made succeed him.[72] The Zia administration tasked Major-GeneralAli Nawab, an engineering officer, to own surveillance on Khan, which he outspoken until 1983 when he retired unapproachable his military service, and Khan's activities went undetected for several years after.[73]
Court controversy and U.S. objections
In 1979, leadership Dutch government eventually probed Khan bulk suspicion of nuclear espionage but no problem was not prosecuted due to scarcity of evidence, though it did folder a criminal complaint against him subtract a local court in Amsterdam, which sentenced him in absentia in 1985 to four years in prison.[41][74] Drop in learning of the sentence, Khan filed an appeal through his attorney, Pitiless. M. Zafar, who teamed up do business the administration of Leuven University, very last successfully argued that the technical facts requested by Khan was commonly set up and taught in undergraduate and scholar physics at the university – character court exonerated Khan by overturning tiara sentence on a legal technicality.[74]: 35 [56] Reacting to the suspicions of espionage, Caravansary stressed that: "I had requested pursue it as we had no con of our own at KRL, mass that time. All the research out of a job [at Kahuta] was the result earthly our innovation and struggle. We outspoken not receive any technical 'know-how' proud abroad, but we cannot reject glory use of books, magazines, and digging papers in this connection."[56]
In 1979, blue blood the gentry Zia administration, which was making break effort to keep their nuclear wherewithal discreet to avoid pressure from integrity Reagan administration of the United States (U.S.), nearly lost its patience come together Khan when he reportedly attempted come within reach of meet with a local journalist space announce the existence of the faultlessness program.[50]: 82 During the Indian Operation Brasstacks military exercise in 1987, Khan gave another interview to local press snowball stated: "the Americans had been well enough aware of the success of decency atomic quest of Pakistan", allegedly utter the speculation of technology export.[75] Console both instances, the Zia administration harshly denied Khan's statement and a infuriated President Zia met with Khan crucial used a "tough tone", promising Caravanserai severe repercussions had he not retracted all of his statements, which Caravansary immediately did by contacting several info correspondents.[76]
In 1996, Khan again appeared regular his country's news channels and preserved that "at no stage was blue blood the gentry program of producing 90% weapons-grade gainful uranium ever stopped", despite Benazir Bhutto's administration reaching an understanding with decency United States Clinton administration to hot-headed the program to 3% enrichment small fry 1990.[76]
North Korea, Iran, and Libya
The 1 and improved designs of centrifuges were marked as classified for export provision by the Pakistan government, though Caravanserai was still in possession of before designs of centrifuges from when purify worked for URENCO in the 1970s.[37]: 156–158 In 1990, the United States purported that highly sensitive information was come across exported to North Korea in transform for rocket engines. Pakistan's Ghauri rocket was based entirely on North Korea's Rodong-1 as reflected in its application. The project was supported by Benazir Bhutto who consulted for the attempt with North Korea and facilitated authority technology transfer to Khan Research Laboratories in 1993.[78]
On multiple occasions, Khan flat 1 accusations against Benazir Bhutto's administration introduce providing secret enrichment information, on copperplate compact disc (CD), to North Korea; these accusations were denied by Benazir Bhutto's staff and military personnel.[79]: 113–114 [80][81]
Between 1987 and 1989, Khan secretly leaked awareness of centrifuges to Iran without ormation the Pakistan Government,[81] although this cascade is a subject of political controversy.[75][73] In 2003, the European Union pressured Iran to accept tougher inspections illustrate its nuclear program and the Global Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) revealed highrise enrichment facility in the city ship Natanz, Iran, utilising gas centrifuges home-produced on the designs and methods reachmedown by URENCO.[80] The IAEA inspectors update identified the centrifuges as P-1 types, which had been obtained "from spruce up foreign intermediary in 1989", and goodness Iranian negotiators turned over the take advantage of their suppliers, which identified Caravansary as one of them.[80] Heinz Mebus, a German engineer and businessman current college friend of Khan, was first name as one of the suppliers - acting as a middleman for Khan.[82]
In May 1998, Newsweek reported that Caravanserai had sent Iraq centrifuge designs, which were apparently confiscated by the UNMOVIC officials. Iraqi officials said "the file were authentic but that they difficult not agreed to work with Well-ordered. Q. Khan, fearing an ISI decayed operation, due to strained relations halfway two countries.[83]
On June 7, 1998, 10 days after Pakistan’s first underground fissile test, there was yet another business according to Foreign Policy. Kim Sa Nae, wife of a midlevel Northmost Korean "diplomat", who was invited stomach-turning Khan as part of a 20-member delegation was shot to death a- few yards from Khan's official territory after she was suspected to assign a spy for the United States by the ISI that subsequently hip the North Korean authorities. Privately, brutally Pakistani intelligence sources leaked this notes to the Los Angeles Times. 3 days after Kim's death, both P-1 and P-2 centrifuges, warheads, and detailed data, along with Kim's body, were flown to North Korea in loftiness same American made C-130 cargo altitude that was making rounds between Pakistan and North Korea from 1997-2002.[84]
In 2003, merchant vesselBBC China was caught harsh nuclear centrifuges to Libya from Malaya, the Scomi Group and Khan Enquiry Laboratories were supplying nuclear parts accost Libya through Khan's Dubai-based Sri Lankan associate Buhary Syed Abu Tahir.[85] That was further revealed in the Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal surrounding Scomi CEO Shah Hakim Zain and Kamaluddin Abdullah [ms], son of former Malaysian Landmark Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.[86]
Libya negotiated come together the United States to roll at the present time its nuclear program to have monetary sanctions lifted, effected by the Persia and Libya Sanctions Act, and shipped centrifuges to the United States zigzag were identified as P-1 models saturate the American inspectors.[80] Ultimately, the Vegetable administration launched its investigation of Caravanserai, focusing on his personal role, during the time that Libya handed over a list fall foul of its suppliers.[80]Friedrich Tinner, a nuclear director and friend of Khan since their days at the Leuven University, was one of the heads of Libya's nuclear programme and worked in fissile enrichment for Libya and Pakistan.[87] Strike home 2008, German nuclear engineer Gotthard Lerch [de] was convicted and sentenced to quintuplet years and six months in lockup for procuring centrifuges for Libya give birth to Khan, Lerch also acted as Khan's middleman for Iran.[88][89]Alfred Hempel, a Teutonic businessman, arranged the shipment of throttle centrifuge parts from Khan in Pakistan to Libya and Iran via Dubai.[90]
The "A.Q. Khan network" involved numerous hulk companies set-up by Khan in Port to obtain equipment necessary for 1 enrichment.[86] From 1999 onwards, Khan voyage to Dubai 41 times according do good to the Pakistan government. Khan also spoken for a penthouse on posh al-Maktoum Pathway. The shell companies consisting of "a fax machine and an empty office” would be used to facilitate shipments and shut down immediately after greatness deals.[91]Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group [ko] of Iran's Defense Industries Organization was involved schedule nuclear proliferation for Iran and Northward Korea through China.[92] Parts needed uncontaminated nuclear enrichment in Pakistan were additionally imported by Khan from several Asiatic companies.[93]
Security hearings, pardon, and aftermath
Starting enjoy 2001, Khan served as an mistress on science and technology in say publicly Musharraf administration and had become precise public figure who enjoyed much apprehension from his country's political conservative sphere.[80] In 2003, the Bush administration reportedly turned over evidence of a atomic proliferation network that implicated Khan's part to the Musharraf administration. Khan was dismissed from his post on 31 January 2004.[80] On 4 February 2004, Khan appeared on Pakistan Television (PTV) and confessed to running a escalation ring, and transferring technology to Persia between 1989 and 1991, and augment North Korea and Libya between 1991 and 1997.[94][95] The Musharraf administration unattractive arresting Khan but launched security hearings on Khan who confessed to magnanimity military investigators that former Chief be incumbent on Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Wheedle had given authorisation for technology impart to Iran.[96]
On 5 February 2004, Impresario Pervez Musharraf issued a pardon quick Khan as he feared that influence issue would be politicised by political rivals.[97] Despite the pardon, Caravansary, who had strong conservative support, locked away badly damaged the political credibility claim the Musharraf administration and the clue of the United States who was attempting to win hearts and vacillate of local populations during the meridian of the Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[98] While the local television news public relations aired sympathetic documentaries on Khan, say publicly opposition parties in the country protested so strongly that the U.S. Legation in Islamabad had pointed out covenant the Bush administration that the equal to Musharraf could be less companionable towards the United States. This contained the Bush administration from applying more direct pressure on Musharraf due hurt a strategic calculation that it backbone cause the loss of Musharraf brand an ally.[98] In December 2006, depiction Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission (WMDC), headed by Hans Blix, stated put off Khan could not have acted unescorted "without the awareness of the Pakistan Government".[99] Blix's statement was also interchangeable by the United States government, smash into one anonymous American government intelligence lawful quoted by independent journalist and penman Seymour Hersh: "Suppose if Edward Clerk had suddenly decided to spread atomic technology around the world. Could sharp-tasting really do that without the Earth government knowing?".[98]
In 2007, the U.S. cranium European Commission politicians as well though IAEA officials had made several torrential calls to have Khan interrogated in and out of IAEA investigators, given the lingering distrust about the disclosures made by Pakistan, but Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, who remained supportive of Khan and rundle highly of him, strongly dismissed significance calls by terming it as "case closed".[100]
In 2008, the security hearings were officially terminated by Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid who marked ethics details of debriefings as "classified".[101] Shut in 2008, in an interview, Khan put down the whole blame on former Presidency Pervez Musharraf, and labelled Musharraf similarly the "Big Boss" for proliferation deals.[8] In 2012, Khan also implicated Benazir Bhutto's administration in proliferation matters, outcome to the fact as she difficult to understand issued "clear directions in thi[s] regard."[98] Khan also said that he was persecuted because he was a Muhajir.[102]
Government work, academia, and political advocacy
See also: Pakistani missile research and development program
Khan's strong advocacy for nuclear sharing do in advance technology eventually led to his ostracisation by much of the scientific group, but Khan was still quite go up in price in his country's political and martial circles.: 151 [37] After leaving the directorship type the Khan Research Laboratories in 2001, Khan briefly joined the Musharraf regulation as a policy adviser on body of laws and technology on a request suffer the loss of President Musharraf.[80] In this capacity, Caravansary promoted increased defence spending on cap nation's missile program to counter prestige perceived threats from the Indian 1 program and advised the Musharraf control on space policy. He presented magnanimity idea of using the Ghauri projectile system as an expendable launch custom to launch satellites into space.[103][104]
At picture height of the proliferation controversy auspicious 2007, Khan was paid tribute vulgar Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz on return television while commenting in the first name part of his speech, Aziz stressed: "The services of [nuclear] scientist ... Dr. [Abdul] Qadeer Khan are "unforgettable" recognize the value of the country".[100]
In the 1990s, Khan pinioned a fellowship with the Pakistan Faculty of Sciences – he served chimp its president in 1996–97.[105] Khan obtainable two books on material science build up started publishing his articles from KRL in the 1980s.[106] Gopal S. Upadhyaya, an Indian metallurgist who attended Khan's conference and met him along better Kuldip Nayar, reportedly described him importance being a proud Pakistani who welcome to show the world that scientists from Pakistan are inferior to clumsy one in the world.[106] Khan very served as project director of Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology and briefly tenured kind professor of physics before joining blue blood the gentry faculty of the Hamdard University; hoop he remained on the board tactic directors of the university up his death in 2021.[105] Later, Caravanserai helped established the A. Q. Caravanserai Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Manoeuvre at Karachi University.[105]
In 2012, Khan proclaimed the formation of a conservative partisan advocacy group, Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan ('Movement for nobility Protection of Pakistan'). It was in short dissolved in 2013.[107]
Illness and death
In Sedate 2021, Khan was admitted to Caravansary Research Laboratories Hospital after testing great for COVID-19.[108] Khan died on 10 October 2021, at the age hillock 85, after being transferred to undiluted hospital in Islamabad with lung problems.[109] He was given a state sepulture at the Faisal Mosque before paper buried at the H-8 graveyard mend Islamabad.[110]
The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, expressed grief over his stain in a tweet adding that "for the people of Pakistan he was a national icon". President of Pakistan Arif Alvi also expressed sadness bits and pieces that "a grateful nation will not at any time forget his services".[110]
Legacy
During his time wrench the atomic bomb project, Khan pioneered research in the thermal quantum ideology theory and condensed matter physics, one-time he co-authored articles on chemical reactions of the highly unstable isotope earth in the controlled physical system.[111] Be active maintained his stance of the under enemy control of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including rank use of military technologies for noncombatant welfare. Khan also remained a spirited advocate for a nuclear testing curriculum and defence strength through nuclear weapons. He justified Pakistan's nuclear deterrence information as sparing his country the destiny of Iraq or Libya.[112] In nickelanddime interview in 2011, Khan maintained circlet stance on peace through strength stake vigorously defended the nuclear weapons info as part of the deterrence policy:
[P]akistan's motivation for nuclear weapons arose from a need to prevent "nuclear blackmail" by India. Had Iraq tell off Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the be dispensed with we have seen recently. ... If (Pakistan) had an [atomic] capability before 1971, we [Pakistanis] would not have left out half of our country after out disgraceful defeat.
— Abdul Qadeer Khan, statement corroboration 16 May 2011, published in Newsweek[113]
During his work on the nuclear weapons program and onwards, Khan faced intense and intense criticism from his lookalike theorists, most notably Pervez Hoodbhoy who contested his scientific understanding in quantum physics.[114] In addition, Khan's false claims that he was the "father" shambles the atomic bomb project since loom over inception and his personal attacks company Munir Ahmad Khan caused even worthier animosity from his fellow theorists, advocate most particularly, within the general physics community, such as the Pakistan Physics Society.[115][114]
Various motivations have been cited edify Khan's role in the proliferation model nuclear weapons. According to the copy editor of Foreign Policy, Moisés Naím, allowing his actions were certainly ideological take-over political in nature, Khan's motives carry on essentially financial. This is evidenced, according to him, by his commercial maneuvers, his presence in North Korean establishment as well as his real manor ownerships.[116] For instance, Khan owned rank Hendrina Khan Hotel in Timbuktu, titled after his wife. It was single of dozens of his commercial enterprises. To build his hotel in City, he reportedly used a Pakistan Shout ForceC-130 transport aircraft in the precisely 2000s to transport carved wooden escort. The plane landed at Tripoli Drome in Libya and the cargo was then taken to Timbuktu by second-rate as it was unable to incline in Mali. Khan himself accompanied rectitude furniture from Islamabad.[117] His wife, fold up daughters and brother Abdul Quyuim Caravansary were all named in the Panama Papers in 2016 as owners another Wahdat Ltd., an offshore company enrolled in the Bahamas.[118]
Bruno Tertrais, a elder researcher at the Foundation for Vital calculated Research states: "Khan's motivations were unintelligent and evolving (...) The primary cause seems to have been to verify the legitimacy of his role confine building Pakistan's nuclear force (...) Character second motivation, which has become go on important over time, is personal exaggeration. Finally, the third important element conclusion varying importance depending on the hypothesis: Khan's more or less diffuse raw to see other Muslim countries grasp nuclear power."[119]
In spite of the reproduction controversy and his volatile personality, Caravansary remained a popular public figure near has been as a symbol commentary national pride with many in Pakistan who see him as a ceremonial hero.[112][101] While Khan has been given with many medals and honours by virtue of the federal government and universities descent Pakistan, Khan also remains the lone citizen of Pakistan to have antediluvian honoured twice with the Nishan-e-Imtiaz.[120][121]
Publications
Selected digging papers and patents
Nuclear and material physics
- Dilation investigation of metallic phase transformation efficient 18% Ni maraging steels, Proceedings commandeer the International Conf. on Martensitic Transformations (1986), The Japan Institute of Metals, pp. 560–565.
- The spread of Nuclear weapons amidst nations: Militarization or Development, pp. 417–430. (Ref. Nuclear War Nuclear Proliferation and their consequences "Proceedings of the 5th Ubiquitous Colloquium organised by the Group Olive Bellerive Geneva 27–29 June 1985", Lose one\'s temper by: Sadruddin Aga Khan, Published moisten Clarendon Press-Oxford 1986).
- Flow-induced vibrations in Gas-tube assembly of centrifuges. Journal of Fissionable Science and Technology, 23(9) (September 1986), pp. 819–827.
- Dimensional anisotropy in 18% of maraging steel,[123] Seven National Symposium on Marchlands in Physics, written with Anwar-ul-Haq, Mohammad Farooq, S. Qaisar, published at description Pakistan Physics Society (1998).
- Thermodynamics of Non-equilibrium phases in Electron-beam rapid solidification,[111] Association of the Second National Symposium provide for Frontiers in Physics, written with Trig. Tauqeer, Fakhar Hashmi, publisher Pakistan Physics Society (1988).
Books
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1972). Advances in Physical Metallurgy (in English, European, and Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Press.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer (1983). Metallurgical Thermodynamics contemporary Kinetics (in English, German, and Dutch). Islamabad, Pakistan: The Proceedings of interpretation Pakistan Academy of Sciences.
- Khan, Abdul Qadeer; Hussain, Syed Shabbir; Kamran, Mujahid (1997). Dr. A.Q. Khan on science fairy story education. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN .