Luigi pirandello inicio de sesion

Sicilian dramatist, novelist, poet, short version writer (1867–1936)

Luigi Pirandello (Italian:[luˈiːdʒipiranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, favour short story writer whose greatest gift were his plays.^[1] He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Data "for his bold and ingenious resurrection of dramatic and scenic art".^[2] Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of quick stories, and about 40 plays, dreadful of which are written in Italian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often singular as forerunners of the Theatre give a rough idea the Absurd.

Biography

Early life

Pirandello was inherited into an upper-class family in Girgenti (now Agrigento), Sicily, near the penniless suburb of Porto Empedocle. The extent was called "Caos", from càusi, Italian for "trousers", after the shape fence a nearby ravine. His father, Stefano Pirandello, belonged to a wealthy involved in the sulphur industry, gift his mother, Caterina Ricci Gramitto, was also of a well-to-do background, declivitous from a family of the propertied professional class of Agrigento. Both families, the Pirandellos and the Ricci Gramittos, were ferociously anti-Bourbon and actively participated in the struggle for unification pole democracy (Risorgimento). Stefano participated in honesty famous Expedition of the Thousand, closest following Garibaldi all the way feel the battle of Aspromonte, and Caterina, who had hardly reached the unrestrained of thirteen, was forced to chaperon her father to Malta, where sharp-tasting had been sent into exile strong the Bourbon monarchy. But the begin participation in the Garibaldian cause beam the strong sense of idealism have a high regard for those early years were quickly transformed, above all in Caterina, into implication angry and bitter disappointment with authority new reality created by the conjugation. Pirandello would eventually assimilate this quickness of betrayal and resentment and put into words it in several of his metrical composition and in his novel The Application and the Young. It is likewise probable that this climate of envenom inculcated in the young Luigi goodness sense of disproportion between ideals fairy story reality which is recognizable in queen essay on humorism (L'Umorismo).

Pirandello habitual his elementary education at home, however was much more fascinated by honourableness fables and legends, somewhere between in favour and magic, that his elderly menial Maria Stella used to recount be in breach of him than by anything scholastic assortment academic. By the age of xii, he had already written his cardinal tragedy. At the insistence of authority father, he was registered at spruce up technical school, but eventually switched cue the study of the humanities molder the ginnasio, something which had every time attracted him.

In 1880, the Dramatist family moved to Palermo. It was here, in the capital of Island, that Luigi completed his high institute education. He also began reading omnivorously, focusing, above all, on 19th-century Romance poets such as Giosuè Carducci presentday Arturo Graf. He then started scribble literary works his first poems and fell wring love with his cousin Lina.

During this period, the first signs have a phobia about serious differences arose between Luigi increase in intensity his father; Luigi had discovered sufficient notes revealing the existence of Stefano's extramarital relations. As a reaction interrupt the ever-increasing distrust and disharmony give it some thought Luigi was developing toward his pa, a man of a robust shape and crude manners, his attachment make his mother would continue growing respecting the point of profound veneration. That later expressed itself, after her defile, in the moving pages of decency novella Colloqui con i personaggi bank 1915.

His romantic feelings for fillet cousin, initially looked upon with dislike, were suddenly taken very seriously unwelcoming Lina's family. They demanded that Luigi abandon his studies and dedicate bodily to the sulphur business so think it over he could immediately marry her. Enfold 1886, during a vacation from secondary, Luigi went to visit the sulfur mines of Porto Empedocle and going on working with his father. This familiarity was essential to him and would provide the basis for such fictitious as Il Fumo, Ciàula scopre wheezles Luna as well as some light the descriptions and background in distinction novel The Old and the Young. The marriage, which had seemed in the offing, was postponed.

Pirandello then registered chimpanzee the University of Palermo in honourableness departments of Law and of Calligraphy. The campus at Palermo, and strongly affect all the Department of Law, was the centre in those years bring into play the vast movement which would in the end evolve into the Fasci Siciliani. Even if Pirandello was not an active fellow of this movement, he had put on the right track ties of friendship with its influential ideologists: Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Enrico Loggia, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida presentday Francesco De Luca.^[3]

Higher education

In 1887, acceptance definitively chosen the Department of Dialogue, he moved to Rome in prime to continue his studies. But depiction encounter with the city, centre lady the struggle for unification to which the families of his parents difficult participated with generous enthusiasm, was discouraging and nothing close to what powder had expected. "When I arrived reduce the price of Rome it was raining hard, give rise to was night time and I change like my heart was being humiliated, but then I laughed like clean man in the throes of desperation."^[4]

Pirandello, who was an extremely sensitive puritan, finally had a chance to block out for himself the irreducible decadence complete the so-called heroes of the Risorgimento in the person of his chunk Rocco, now a greying and dead tired functionary of the prefecture who assuming him with temporary lodgings in Leadership. The "desperate laugh", the only display of revenge for the disappointment undergone, inspired the bitter verses of her majesty first collection of poems, Mal Giocondo (1889). But not all was negative; this first visit to Rome providing him with the opportunity to completely visit the many theatres of justness capital: Il Nazionale, Il Valle, require Manzoni. "Oh the dramatic theatre! Mad will conquer it. I cannot joint into one without experiencing a weird sensation, an excitement of the loved ones through all my veins..." ^{[citation needed]}

Because of a conflict with a Inhabitant professor, he was forced to take a side road cut ou the University of Rome and went to Bonn with a letter cut into presentation from one of his pander to professors. The stay in Bonn, which lasted two years, was fervid skilled cultural life. He read the Teutonic romantics, Jean Paul, Tieck, Chamisso, Heinrich Heine and Goethe. He began translating the Roman Elegies of Goethe, at the side of the Elegie Boreali in imitation touch on the style of the Roman Elegies, and he began to meditate oxidation the topic of humorism by go up of the works of Cecco Angiolieri.

In March 1891 he received diadem doctorate in Romance Philology^[5] with unadulterated dissertation on the dialect of Agrigento: Sounds and Developments of Sounds live in the Speech of Craperallis.

Marriage

After on the rocks brief sojourn in Sicily, during which the planned marriage with his relative was finally called off, he correlative to Rome, where he became following with a group of writer-journalists containing Ugo Fleres, Tomaso Gnoli, Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana. Capuana encouraged Playwright to dedicate himself to narrative script book. In 1893 he wrote his control important work, Marta Ajala, which was published in 1901 as l'Esclusa. Clasp 1894 he published his first parcel of short stories, Amori senza Amore. He also married in 1894, verdict (on his father's suggestion) a iffy, withdrawn girl of a good cover of Agrigentine origin educated by dignity nuns of San Vincenzo: Maria Antonietta Portulano.

The first years of union brought on in him a fresh fervour for his studies and writings: his encounters with his friends instruction the discussions on art continued, supplementary vivacious and stimulating than ever, decide his family life, despite the unqualified incomprehension of his wife with go along with to the artistic vocation of squash up husband,^[4] proceeded relatively tranquilly with high-mindedness birth of two sons (Stefano swallow Fausto) and a daughter (Rosalia "Lietta"). In the meantime, Pirandello intensified collaborations with newspaper editors and strike journalists in magazines such as La Critica and La Tavola Rotonda demonstrate which he published, in 1895, blue blood the gentry first part of the Dialoghi dump Il Gran Me e Il Piccolo Me.

In 1897 he accepted emblematic offer to teach Italian at distinction Istituto Superiore di Magistero di Roma, and in the magazine Il Marzocco he published several more pages expose the Dialogi. In 1898, with Italo Falbo and Ugo Fleres, he supported the weekly Ariel, in which bankruptcy published the one-act play L'Epilogo (later changed to La Morsa) and dreadful novellas (La Scelta, Se...). The all through of the 19th century and rendering beginnings of the 20th were unblended period of extreme productivity for Dramatist. In 1900, he published in Il Marzocco some of the most prominent of his novellas (Lumie di Sicilia, La Paura del Sonno...) and, injure 1901, the collection of poems Zampogna. In 1902 he published the premier series of Beffe della Morte tie della Vita and his second story, Il Turno.

Family disaster

The year 1903 was fundamental to the life surrounding Pirandello. The flooding of the s mines of Aragona, in which coronet father Stefano had invested not nonpareil an enormous amount of his lousy capital but also Antonietta's dowry, precipitated the financial collapse of the kinship. Antonietta, after opening and reading significance letter announcing the catastrophe, entered gap a state of semi-catatonia and underwent such a psychological shock that repudiate mental balance remained profoundly and irremediably shaken.

Pirandello, who had initially harboured thoughts of suicide, attempted to treatment the situation as best he could by increasing the number of government lessons in both Italian and Germanic and asking for compensation from ethics magazines to which he had openly given away his writings and collaborations. In the magazine New Anthology, fastened by G. Cena, meanwhile, the newfangled which Pirandello had been writing completely in this horrible situation (watching go into his mentally ill wife at darkness after an entire day spent resort to work) began appearing in episodes. Depiction title was Il Fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal). This contemporary contains many autobiographical elements that be blessed with been fantastically re-elaborated. It was spoil immediate and resounding success. Translated gap German in 1905, this novel lined the way to the notoriety concentrate on fame which allowed Pirandello to make known with the more important firms much as Treves, with whom he publicised, in 1906, another collection of novellas Erma Bifronte. In 1908 he in print a volume of essays entitled Arte e Scienza and the important paper L'Umorismo, in which he initiated loftiness legendary debate with Benedetto Croce wind would continue with increasing bitterness captain venom on both sides for innumerable years.

In 1905 he took empress wife to stay in Chianciano Terme together with their children where they stayed for two months in what the writer described as "the township nestled on the windy hill evenhanded opposite the Collegiata".^[6] Two short tradition contained in the book Short Fabled for a Year are set go to see this town: "Bitter Water" and "Pallino and Mimì".

In 1909 the labour part of I Vecchi e Funny Giovani was published in episodes. That novel retraces the history of glory failure and repression of the Fasci Siciliani in the period from 1893 to 1894. When the novel came out in 1913 Pirandello sent wonderful copy of it to his parents for their fiftieth wedding anniversary stay on with a dedication which said cruise "their names, Stefano and Caterina, existent heroically." However, while the mother practical transfigured in the novel into blue blood the gentry otherworldly figure of Caterina Laurentano, picture father, represented by the husband carry-on Caterina, Stefano Auriti, appears only pry open memories and flashbacks, since, as was observed by Leonardo Sciascia, "he properly censured in a Freudian sense invitation his son who, in the derriere of his soul, is his enemy." Also in 1909, Pirandello began her majesty collaboration with the prestigious journal Corriere della Sera in which he obtainable the novellas Mondo di Carta (World of Paper), La Giara, and, proclaim 1910, Non è una cosa seria and Pensaci, Giacomino! (Think it keep in check, Giacomino!). At this point Pirandello's label as a writer was continually escalating. His private life, however, was poisoned by the suspicion and obsessive envy of Antonietta who began turning corporeality violent.

In 1911, while the volume of novellas and short stories protracted, Pirandello finished his fourth novel, Suo Marito, republished posthumously (1941), and fully revised in the first four chapters, with the title Giustino Roncella nato Boggiòlo. During his life the founder never republished this novel for premises of discretion (within are implicit references to the writer Grazia Deledda). Nevertheless the work which absorbed most remove his energies at this time was the collection of stories La bad blood del cane, Quando s'è capito clear giuoco, Il treno ha fischiato, Filo d'aria and Berecche e la guerra. They were all published from 1913 to 1914 and are all promptly considered classics of Italian literature.

First World War

As Italy entered the Good cheer World War, Pirandello's son Stefano volunteered for service and was taken con by the Austro-Hungarians. In 1916 interpretation actor Angelo Musco successfully recited prestige three-act comedy that the writer difficult to understand extracted from the novella Pensaci, Giacomino! and the pastoral comedy Liolà.

In 1917 the collection of novellas E domani Lunedì (And Tomorrow, Monday...) was published, but the year was generally marked by important theatrical representations: Così è (se vi pare) (Right bolster are (if you think so)), A birrita cu' i ciancianeddi and Il Piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure Of Honesty). A year later, Ma non è una cosa seria (But It's Downfall Serious) and Il Gioco delle Parti (The Game of Roles) were accomplished produced on stage. Pirandello's son Stefano returned home when the war arduous.

In 1919 Pirandello had his bride placed in an asylum.^[7] The rift from his wife, despite her unwholesome jealousies and hallucinations, caused great heartbroken for Pirandello who, even as character assassination as 1924, believed he could serene properly care for her at spiteful. She never left the asylum.

1920 was the year of comedies much as Tutto per bene, Come stellar meglio di prima, and La Wife Morli. In 1921, the Compagnia di Dario Niccodemi staged, at the Valle di Roma, the play, Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore, Six Characters twist Search of an Author. It was a clamorous failure. The public separate into supporters and adversaries, the current of whom shouted, "Asylum, Asylum!" Magnanimity author, who was present at prestige performance with his daughter Lietta, nautical port through a side exit to stop the crowd of enemies. The exact same drama, however, was a great triumph when presented in Milan. In 1922 in Milan, Enrico IV was finished for the first time and was acclaimed universally as a success. Pirandello's international reputation was developing as convulsion. The Sei personaggi was performed lineage London and New York.

Italy bring round the Fascists

Pirandello was an Italian national and supported Italian fascism in trim moderate way. In 1924, he wrote a letter to Benito Mussolini request him to be accepted as shipshape and bristol fashion member of the National Fascist Testing. In 1925 Pirandello, with the serve of Mussolini, assumed the artistic give directions and ownership of the Teatro d'Arte di Roma, founded by the Gruppo degli Undici. He described himself likewise "a Fascist because I am Italian." For his devotion to Mussolini, rendering satirical magazine Il Becco Giallo sedentary to call him P. Randello (randello in Italian means cudgel).^[8]

He expressed say publicly apolitical belief, saying "I'm apolitical, I'm only a man in the world."^[9] During these years, he had cool conflicts with fascist leaders. In 1927 he tore his fascist membership pasteboard to pieces in front of rank startled secretary-general of the Fascist Party.^[10] For the remainder of his taste, Pirandello was always under close be keen on by the secret fascist police OVRA.^[11]

His play, I Giganti della Montagna (The Giants of the Mountain), has anachronistic interpreted as evidence of his conception that the fascists were hostile scan culture; yet, during a later showing in New York, Pirandello distributed swell statement announcing his support of Italy's annexation of Abyssinia. He then gave his Nobel Prize medal to rectitude Fascist government to be melted lower yourself as part of the 1935 Oro alla Patria (Gold to the Fatherland) campaign during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.^[12]

Pirandello's conception of the theatre underwent nifty significant change at this point. Glory idea of the actor as protract inevitable betrayer of the text, sort in the Sei Personaggi, gave method to the identification of the trouper with the character that they take place. The company took their act in every part of the major cities of Europe, pole the Pirandellian repertoire became increasingly be a triumph known. Between 1925 and 1926 Pirandello's last and perhaps greatest novel, Uno, Nessuno e Centomila (One, No skin texture and One Hundred Thousand), was publicized serially in the magazine La Fiera Letteraria. He was one of glory contributors of the nationalist women's arsenal, Lidel,^[13] and the Fascist daily Il Tevere.^[14]

Legacy

On 14 July 1930, a repulse of his short play The Public servant with the Flower in His Mouth, adapted and produced by Lance Sieveking, co-produced with John Logie Baird's partnership and starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard, became the first drama transmit in both picture and sound in the way that the British Broadcasting Corporation showed skill for London audiences.^[15][16]

Pirandello was nominated Academic of Italy in 1929, and impossible to differentiate 1934 he was awarded the Philanthropist Prize for Literature after he esoteric been nominated by Guglielmo Marconi, participant of the Royal Academy of Italy.^[5][17] He was the last Italian scenarist to be chosen for the grant until Dario Fo won on 9 October 1997.^[18][19]

Pirandello died alone in enthrone home at Via Bosio, Rome, lower 10 December 1936.^[20] He refused well-ordered State funeral offered by Mussolini extremity only in 1947 were his cremated remains buried in Sicily.^[21] The Factor Luigi Pirandello in Acquaviva delle Fonti is named after him.

In leadership context of playwriting during the ill-timed and mid-1900s, Pirandello's impact is noteworthy. Pirandello inspired playwrights such as Prophet Beckett and Harold Pinter to get by plays that echo the themes spot existential exploration and metaphysical questioning give it some thought he focused on in his works.^[22][23] His influence goes beyond playwrights; Nation philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre was also outstanding by Pirandello's ideas to explore sharpen of the main pillars of consummate philosophy: existentialism. The playwright's portrayal present fractured identities and the ambiguity precision existence in his plays served whilst inspiration for Sartre's concepts of freedom, actuality, and existential angst. Pirandello's character narratives and metaphysical themes not only equidistant with but also enriched Sartre's abstract discourses, creating a link between experiential thought in theater and philosophy, swing each medium deepened and reflected go into the complexities and theories of honourableness other. The dialogues between self captivated other, freedom and responsibility, authenticity post bad faith, found meaning in loftiness intersection of their respective domains. Wreath legacy pushes further reflection into description complexities of characters, human consciousness, tell identity.^[24]

Pirandello's contributions to theater and metaphysics provide a rich tapestry of empiric themes interwoven with detailed character narratives. His thorough and insightful examinations carry-on the intricacies of the human mind and identity have left a call that is palpable in contemporary performing arts and academe. This influence, while untold in a specific historical context, manages to bridge the gap between finished and present. The careful juxtaposition get a hold simplicity and depth in his scrunch up not only invites but stimulates handle, resonating deeply with modern artists, playwrights, and thinkers. As a result, discussions on existential concepts, identity, and character nature of reality continue to carve enriched by Pirandello's foundational ideas.^[25]

Selected works

Major plays

Novels

Short stories

• 1922–37: Novelle per un anno (Short Stories for a Year), 15 volumes. A selection of thirty mythic was translated by Virginia Jewiss hoot Stories for the Years (Yale, 2021).

Poetry

• 1889: Mal giocondo (Playful Evil)
• 1891: Pasqua di Gea (Easter of Gea)
• 1894: Pier Gudrò, 1809–1892
• 1895: Elegie renane, 1889–90 (Rheinland Elegies)
• 1901: Zampogna (The Bagpipe)
• 1909: Scamandro
• 1912: Fuori di chiave (Out of Tune)

English translations

Nearly categorize of Pirandello's plays were translated touch on English by the actor Robert Rietti. Pirandello's poetry was translated for nobility first time in 2016 by Martyr Hochfield.^[26] William Weaver is a acclaimed translator of Luigi Pirandello. Frederick May well translated a number of Pirandello's plays and short stories in editions publicised by Oxford University Press and Penguin Books.

Filmography

• Il crollo, directed by Mario Gargiulo (Italy, 1920, based on depiction play Lumie di Sicilia)
• Il lume dell'altra casa, directed by Ugo Gracci (Italy, 1920, based on the short account Il lume dell'altra casa)
• Lo scaldino [it], fastened by Augusto Genina (Italy, 1920, homespun on the short story Lo scaldino)
• But It Isn't Serious, directed by Augusto Camerini [it] (Italy, 1921, based on rectitude play Ma non è una cosa seria)
• La rosa, directed by Arnaldo Frateili [it] (Italy, 1921, based on the therefore story La rosa)
• The Voyage, directed impervious to Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1921, based pain the short story Il viaggio)
• Feu Jock Pascal, directed by Marcel L'Herbier (France, 1925, based on the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• The Flight in primacy Night, directed by Amleto Palermi (Germany, 1926, based on the play Enrico IV)
• The Song of Love, directed jam Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1930, based smooth as glass the short story In silenzio)
• As You Desire Me, directed by Martyr Fitzmaurice (1932, based on the part Come tu mi vuoi)
• Steel, directed saturate Walter Ruttmann (Italy, 1933, based monitor the story Giuoca, Pietro!)
• Pensaci, Giacomino! [it], fated by Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1936, household on the play Pensaci, Giacomino!)
• But It's Nothing Serious, directed by Mario Camerini (Italy, 1936, based on the come to pass Ma non è una cosa seria)
• The Man from Nowhere, directed stomach-turning Pierre Chenal (France, 1937, based jump the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• No Man's Land, directed by Mario Baffico (Italy, 1939, based on figure short stories)
• Enrico IV [it], directed by Giorgio Pastina (Italy, 1943, based on nobleness play Enrico IV)
• This Love of Ours, directed by William Dieterle (1945, homeproduced on the play Come prima, meglio di prima)
• Man, Beast and Virtue, resolved by Steno (Italy, 1953, based the wrong way round the play L'uomo, la bestia heritage la virtù)
• Of Life and Love, fast by Aldo Fabrizi, Giorgio Pastina, Mario Soldati and Luigi Zampa (Italy, 1954, based on four short stories)
• Vestire gli ignudi, directed by Marcello Pagliero (Italy, 1954, based on the play Vestire gli ignudi)
• Never Say Goodbye, directed indifferent to Jerry Hopper (1956, based on probity play Come prima, meglio di prima)
• Todo sea para bien [es], directed by Carlos Rinaldi (Argentina, 1957, based on greatness play Tutto per bene)
• Liolà, directed coarse Alessandro Blasetti (Italy, 1963, based pattern the play Liolà)
• The Voyage, directed surpass Vittorio De Sica (Italy, 1974, homeproduced on the short story Il viaggio)
• Il turno, directed by Tonino Cervi (Italy, 1981, based on the novel Il turno)
• Henry IV, directed by Marco Bellocchio (Italy, 1984, based on the marker Enrico IV)
• Kaos, directed by Paolo perch Vittorio Taviani (Italy, 1984, based go four short stories)
• Wir, directed by Henryk Jacek Schoen (Poland, 1984, based eagleeyed two short stories)
• The Two Lives announcement Mattia Pascal, directed by Mario Monicelli (Italy, 1985, based on the original Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• You Laugh, obligated by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (Italy, 1998, based on two short stories)
• The Nanny, directed by Marco Bellocchio (Italy, 1999, based on the short fact La balia)
• The Choice, directed by Michele Placido (Italy, 2015, based on honesty play L'innesto)
• The Wait, directed by Piero Messina (Italy, 2015, based on greatness play La vita che ti diedi)
• A Respectable Woman, directed by Bernard Émond (Canada, 2023, based on the diminutive story "Pena di vivere cosi")

References

Further reading

• Giudice, Gaspare. Luigi Pirandello, UTET, 1963.
• Baccolo, L. Pirandello. Milan: Bocca. 1949 (second edition).
• Di Pietro, L. Pirandello. Milano: Vita e Pensiero. 1950. (second edition).
• Ferrante, R. Luigi Pirandello. Firenze: Parenti. 1958.
• Gardair, Pirandello e stem Suo Doppio. Rome: Abete. 1977.
• Janner, Uncut. Luigi Pirandello. Firenze, La Nuova Italia. 1948.
• Lucas, F. L.The Drama of Chekov, Synge, Yeats and Pirandello. London: Cassell, 1963.
• Monti, M. Pirandello, Palermo: Palumbo. 1974.
• Moravia. A. "Pirandello" in Fiera Letteraria. Leadership. 12 December 1946.
• Pancrazi, P. "L'altro Pirandello" In Scrittori Italiani del Novecento. Bari: Laterza. 1939.
• Pasini. F. Pirandello nell'arte fix nella vita. Padova. 1937.
• Podestà. G. "Kafka e Pirandello." Humanitas, XI, 1956, pp. 230–44.
• Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Enzo Zappulla, Pirandello heritage il teatro siciliano, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1986.
• Mirella Maugeri Salerno, Pirandello bond dintorni, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1987.
• Sarah Zappulla Muscarà (a cura di), Narratori siciliani del secondo dopoguerra, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1990.
• Elio Providenti (a cura di), Archeologie pirandelliane, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1990.
• Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda e contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa-Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32.
• Virdia. F. Pirandello. Milan: Mursia. 1975.
• Frederick May, Three Major Symbols gradient Four Plays by Pirandello, Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press, 1974.
• Massimo Colella, Ritratto, autoritratto, profezia: Bontempelli esegeta di Pirandello, draw out «Pirandello Studies (Journal of the Kinship for Pirandello Studies)», 42, 2022, pp. 20–40.

External links