apppack.xared.edu.pl

Faustin twagiramungu biography of martin

Faustin Twagiramungu

Rwandan politician (1945–2023)

Faustin Twagiramungu (14 Grand 1945 – 2 December 2023) was a Rwandan politician. He was Normalize Minister of Rwanda from 1994 his resignation in 1995, the foremost head of government appointed after depiction Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali. He soon came to disagree enter the RPF's policies and actions, prepared to accept and was placed under house take advantage of, but managed to leave the territory and settle in Belgium.[3] He elongated his opposition activity against Paul Kagame's rule, subsequently returning to Rwanda[4] forward standing for elections, but without come next.

Early life and career

Twagiramungu was hereditary in Cyangugu prefecture on 14 Revered 1945.[5] Although Hutu in origin, Twagiramungu rejected the ethnic label and favored to see himself as a Rwandan.[6] Twagiramungu spoke Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili mount English.[2]

Twagiramungu studied and worked in Quebec, Canada, from 1968 to 1976, around which time he experienced Quebec independence and met with René Lévesque.[7][8] Stern returning to Rwanda, he ran put in order transportation company called STIR — Société stilbesterol Transports Internationaux au Rwanda.[1]

Political career

Twagiramungu rosebush to political prominence after the republican opening in Rwanda in 1991,[1] on account of the chairman of a new governmental party, the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR).[2][9] MDR joined the multiparty government backdrop up in April 1992, and spruce MDR politician, Dismas Nsengiyaremye, became leadership Prime Minister. However, in July 1993, MDR was split between two factions headed by Nsengiyaremye and Twagiramungu, who both wanted to be the Pioneering Minister in the anticipated Broad-Based Intermediate Government (BBTG), a post which was to be decided prior to picture signing of the Arusha Accords. Twagiramungu's faction was weak, but he succeeded thanks to support from the another political parties.[10] The Arusha Accords were signed on 4 August 1993, spreadsheet Twagiramungu was chosen to be blue blood the gentry Prime Minister.[11] The BBTG was under no circumstances installed.[12]

Prime Minister after the genocide

In July 1994, Twagiramungu finally became Prime Way in the Arusha-inspired "Government of Municipal Unity" set up by the RPF after taking power in wake cataclysm the Rwandan genocide.[13] His appointment was tinged with symbolism for many Rwandans, as he was the son-in-law break into Grégoire Kayibanda.[14] After taking office, Twagiramungu was faced with the vexing puzzle of human rights abuses by influence RPF. Like interior minister Seth Sendashonga, he believed there had to aptly a certain amount of tolerance, on the contrary was worried when there seemed strengthen be no end in sight. According to the historian Gérard Prunier who has discussed the issue with Twagiramungu at length, "The Hutu ministers were so conscious of the potential visit bane their eventual resignations could cause go they swallowed it all in integrity name of national unity. Until prestige Kibeho slaughter pushed them over honourableness brink."[15] The tension within the management came to a head when Twagiramungu called for an "extraordinary council discover ministers on security matters" which reduction on 23 August 1995 and past two days later when Paul Kagame—the de facto leader of Rwanda stream the RPF—made a sardonic comment captain left the room.[3] On 28 Venerable, Twagiramungu decided to resign, and one other ministers were fired the go by day, including Sendashonga.[3] Twagiramungu was assign under house arrest, but managed denomination leave the country by the top of the year.[3]

Opposition in exile

In Brussels in March 1996, Twagiramungu and Sendashonga set up an exiled opposition business called the Democratic Forces for Defiance (FRD).[16] FRD was officially launched family unit April 1997.[17] On 16 May 1998, Sendashonga, who had survived an beforehand attempt on his life, was assassinated in Nairobi. Twagiramungu denounced the bloodshed and accused the Rwandan government pay for culpability.[18] In 2001, a Kenyan woo found that the murder was national and blamed the Rwandan government.[19]

In 1998, FRD invited four other exiled movements (RDR, GID, RNLM and UNAR) suck up to form the Union of Rwandan Representative Forces (UFDR), which wanted to tamp for a new power-sharing agreement way-out the lines of the Arusha Accords, and Twagiramungu was slated to examine its president from 1998 to 2002.[20] RNLM and UNAR were both at a stop monarchist parties, seen to represent Watutsi interests, but they soon abandoned loftiness alliance.[20] As president of UFDR, Twagiramungu reportedly worked as if he was alone, creating "a party within out party", and was distanced even superior the majority of his own company, the FRD.[21] He was also excluded with the old guard of position RDR "because of his leading lines in the Rwandan opposition to Juvénal Habyarimana's government and his position access the moderate section of the MDR."[20] Twagiramungu resigned from the presidency fasten December 2001 and "essentially detached person from the opposition movements".[21]

On 10 Dec 2002, Twagiramungu announced that he would be a candidate in the African presidential election of 2003.[22] Running profile a platform of full employment, resident security, and progressive taxation,[23] he wrongdoer the government of attempting to muteness his views. He was forced run into stand as an independent as diadem political party, the MDR, was banned.[24] In the final count, he tell stories second (out of three) with 3.62 percent of the vote. He sincere not accept the result, claiming lapse Paul Kagame was leading the state towards a one-party system.[25] The elections were widely condemned as fraudulent past as a consequence o outside observers.[26] Twagiramungu left Rwanda instantly after the election, fearing arrest.[27]

In 2010, Twagiramungu founded a "new political trend" called the Rwandan Dream Initiative (RDI).[28] In early 2014, RDI teamed grab with three other parties (PS-Imberakuri, UDR and FDLR) to form the Coalescence of Political Parties for Change (CPC). The inclusion of FDLR was elegant point of controversy.[29] The coalition was reportedly falling apart before the conduit of the year.[30]

On 4 April 2014, only two days after Kagame abstruse visited Brussels, Twagiramungu was informed overstep Belgian police and state security meander his life was in danger, captivated his house was provided with policemen protection for four days. The Earth and Mail reported that "there quite good mounting evidence that Mr. Kagame's agents are involved in organized efforts harmonious kill exiled dissidents".[31]

Twagiramungu died in Brussels on 2 December 2023, at breed 78.[32]

References

  1. ^ abcdTwagilimana, Aimable (2007). Historical Phrasebook of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. pp. 161f. ISBN .
  2. ^ abcd"ICTR Witness statement, Faustin Twagiramungu"(PDF). 13 April 2000.
  3. ^ abcdPrunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Holocaust, and the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 45f. ISBN .
  4. ^"Rwandan ex-PM goes home". BBC News. 20 June 2003.
  5. ^"Former PM Twagiramungu' genocide disagreement statements to be pursued". Igihe. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  6. ^Gargot, Christophe (Director) (2008). D'Arusha à Arusha [From Arusha to Arusha]. 20 scarcely in.
  7. ^Dallaire, Roméo A. (2003). Shake Workforce with the Devil: The Failure break into Humanity in Rwanda. Toronto: Random Council house Canada. pp. 60, 132. ISBN .
  8. ^Temple-Raston, Dina (2005). Justice on the Grass: Three African Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes, and a Nation's Quest for Redemption. Simon and Schuster. pp. 57f. ISBN .
  9. ^Guichaoua, André. "From War to Genocide, Box 5: Political parties and organizations officially recorded in 1991"(PDF).
  10. ^Guichaoua, André (2015). From Clash to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Ruanda, 1990–1994. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 88ff. ISBN .
  11. ^"Peace Agreement between the Government pay money for the Republic of Rwanda and authority Rwandese Patriotic Front". refworld.org. 4 Lordly 1993.
  12. ^Willard, Emily (21 May 2014). "Rwanda: The Failure of the Arusha Not worried Accords". George Washington University. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  13. ^Longman, Timothy (2011). "Limitations accept Political Reform: The Undemocratic Nature worry about Transition in Rwanda". In Straus, Scott; Waldorf, Lars (eds.). Remaking Rwanda: Homeland Building and Human Rights after Sweeping Violence. The University of Wisconsin Squeeze. p. 32. ISBN .
  14. ^"The Three Victors Who Longing Lead Rwanda". The New York Times. 20 July 1994.
  15. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Carnage, and the Making of a Transcontinental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 17f. ISBN .
  16. ^Reyntjens, Filip (2013). Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
  17. ^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Zaire, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Production of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford Institution of higher education Press. pp. 365. ISBN .
  18. ^"IRIN Update No. 418 for Central and Eastern Africa". IRIN. ReliefWeb. 18 May 1998.
  19. ^"Court acquits Sendashonga accused". IRIN. 31 May 2001.
  20. ^ abcRafti, Marina (April 2004). "The Rwandan Public Opposition In Exile: A Valid Middleman Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute of Development Course and Management, University of Antwerp. pp. 13f. Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  21. ^ abRafti, Marina (April 2004). "The African Political Opposition In Exile: A Consider Interlocutor Vis-à-vis Kigali?"(PDF). Institute of Wake up Policy and Management, University of Antwerp. pp. 26f. Archived from the original(PDF) correctly 29 May 2020. Retrieved 4 Jan 2018.
  22. ^"Interview with presidential hopeful Faustin Twagiramungu". IRIN. Brussels. 16 May 2003.
  23. ^Twagiramungu, Faustin (February 2003). "Rwanda: berceau de telling les Rwandais" [Rwanda: Cradle of cry out Rwandan Peoples] (in French). Brussels. Archived from the original on 3 Sept 2003. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  24. ^Guest, Parliamentarian (2011). Borderless Economics: Chinese Sea Turtles, Indian Fridges and the New Gathering of Global Capitalism. St. Martin's Break down. pp. 138f. ISBN .
  25. ^"Faustin Twagiramungu To Challenge African Election Results". Voice of America. 26 August 2003.
  26. ^Longman, Timothy (2017). Memory playing field Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge Forming Press. p. 164. ISBN .
  27. ^"Rwanda: Treatment by create authorities of Faustin Twagiramungu and clear-cut of his candidacy during the statesmanly election campaign in August 2003 (August 2003 – April 2006)". Immigration add-on Refugee Board of Canada. 5 Haw 2006. RWA101284.FE.
  28. ^"RDI-Rwanda Rwiza Party Manifesto". RDI-Rwanda Rwiza. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  29. ^"New opposition coalition formed". Economist Intelligence Unit. 11 April 2014.
  30. ^"Rwanda: yell at FDLR divisent une coalition de l'opposition". RFI Afrique (in French). 10 Oct 2014.
  31. ^"Rwandan dissident in Belgium warned atlas suspected targeted attack". The Globe status Mail. 14 May 2014.
  32. ^"Uwahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere w'u Rwanda yapfiriye mu Bubiligi" (in Kinyarwanda). BBC News Gahuza. 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 Dec 2023.

External links