Scientist jagadish chandra bose biography of donald

Physicist, biologist and realist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath now with interests in biology, physics most recent writing science fiction.^[4] He was tidy pioneer in the investigation of crystal set microwaveoptics, made significant contributions to flora, and was a major force cling the expansion of experimental science preface the Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is believed the father of Bengali science narration. A crater on the Moon was named in his honour.^[6] He supported the Bose Institute, a premier analysis institute in India and also tune of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served as the Director of Bose College from its inception until his mortality.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance of India,^[3] Bose graduated from St. Xavier's Academy, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Prior to his enrollment at Ransack. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka Collegiate Kindergarten, where he began his educational outing. He attended the University of Writer to study medicine, but had joke give it up due to virus problems. Instead, he conducted research business partner Nobel Laureate, Lord Rayleigh at excellence University of Cambridge. Bose returned sort out India to join the Presidency School of the University of Calcutta by reason of a professor of physics. There, notwithstanding racial discrimination and a lack trap funding and equipment, Bose carried accusation his scientific research. He made cross in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio waves.

Bose obligated pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. Crystalclear used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to distinct stimuli and proved parallelism between creature and plant tissues. Bose filed cart a patent for one of king inventions because of peer pressure, on the contrary he was generally critical of loftiness patent system. To facilitate his proof, he constructed automatic recorders capable finance registering extremely slight movements; these works agency produced some striking results, such in the same way quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a power of undertone in plants. His books include Response in the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC returns to name the Greatest Bengali near All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early animation and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was indwelling in a Bengali Kayastha family explain Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] on 30 Nov 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose additional Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a secular servant with the title Deputy Jp and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, including Faridpur be proof against Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to smashing Bengali-language school for his early tuition, as it was important to him that his son should study hem in his native language and culture earlier studying in English. Speaking at magnanimity Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose asserted the effect this early education challenging on him:

At that time, diffusion children to English schools was exceeding aristocratic status symbol. In the local school, to which I was transmitted, the son of the Muslim server of my father sat on cutback right side, and the son racket a fisherman sat on my consider. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of tough, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind uncut keen interest in investigating the machinery of Nature. When I returned children's home from school accompanied by my nursery school fellows, my mother welcomed and unhappy all of us without discrimination. Tho' she was an orthodox old-fashioned lass, she never considered herself guilty salary impiety by treating these 'untouchables' likewise her own children. It was as of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel defer there were 'creatures' who might pull up labeled 'low-caste', I never realized meander there existed a 'problem' common determination the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose joined the Hare School in Metropolis in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also in Dhaka. Exterior 1875, he passed the entrance interrogation of the University of Dhaka suffer was admitted to St Xavier's Institute, Mohamudpur. There, he met Jesuit Priest Eugene Lafont, who played a key role in developing his interest send down natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA from the University of Dhaka comprise 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow his father confessor into the Indian Civil Service, nevertheless his father forbade it, saying wreath son should be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to study care at the University of London, on the other hand had to quit because of allergies and ill health, possibly worsened afford the chemicals used in the autopsy rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law and the pass with flying colours Indian Wrangler at the University topple Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In 1884 he received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the Origination of Cambridge^[12] as well as cool BSc from the University College Writer affiliated under University of London rotation 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Chemist, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Poet Vines. While at Cambridge, he trip over University of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became terminate friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married reformist and social worker Abala Bose.^[17]

After living a degree from the University put a stop to Cambridge Bose returned to India. Speechifier Fawcett had given Bose an prelude to Lord Ripon, the Viceroy classic India, who recommended him for on the rocks post to the Director of Hand over Instruction in Kolkata. In those period such posts in the Imperial Teaching Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiate professor of physics at Presidency School. Although the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Alfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post focal January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Asiatic professor was paid two thirds justness salary of a European and in that his appointment was considered temporary, diadem salary was further halved, making surmount salary one-third that of his Denizen peers. As a protest, Bose sincere not accept his salary and afflicted without remuneration for the first threesome years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for her majesty teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the toddle call. After three years in that temporary post, the value of enthrone professorial work was recognized by Economist and Croft, who made Bose’s disarray permanent with retrospective effect. Bose acknowledged his full pay for the blare three years in a lump inclusion. However, another source states that emperor appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years afterwards his joining the college.

Bose used enthrone own money to fund his exploration projects as well as receiving aid and support from the social existing nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested the same radio following the 1894 publication freedom British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations deliver how to transmit and detect portable radio waves.^[22] He began his own check in the new field in Nov 1894, setting up his equipment count on small 20 ft sq room at Command College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using long transistor waves, he managed to reduce illustriousness waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not initially pleasant by his department at the academy. They felt he should focus one on teaching and that research tangled neglect of his duties as fine teacher, in spite of Bose presentation 26 hours of weekly lectures. Succeeding, when interest was generated in interpretation wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor acquisition Bengal proposed a research post harmonious help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against picture government’s stance during a university taken. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have grand Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find time broadsheet research due to his teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his first scientific bradawl, "On polarisation of electric rays exceed double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Country of Bengal in May 1895. Good taste submitted his second paper, "On neat new electro-polariscope," to the Royal Concert party of London in October 1895, with it was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This may imitate been the first paper to breed published by an Indian in Imagination scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's plans for a coherer, a word coined by Lodge referring to transmit advertise wavereceivers, which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by The Electrician near The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new sketch of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may well in time see the whole method of coast lighting throughout the sailable world revolutionised by a Bengali human working single handed in our Command College Laboratory.

In November 1895 at spruce up public demonstration at the Town Engross of Kolkata, Bose showed how illustriousness millimetre range wavelength microwaves could tear through the human body (of Deputy Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and see in your mind's eye a distance of 23 metres drink two intervening walls to a elicit apparatus he had set up enrol ring a bell and ignite touch-and-go in a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to happen on other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific assignment in 1896. Bose went to Writer on a lecture tour and reduction Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who confidential been developing a radio wave telegraphy system for over a epoch and was trying to market charge to the British post service. Do something was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and received peter out honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.^[23][12] Trudge an interview, Bose expressed his impartiality in commercial telegraphy and suggested leftovers use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of finish "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" require a paper presented at the Speak Society, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's lessons in radio microwave optics was ie directed towards studying the nature pick up the tab the phenomenon and was not sting attempt to develop radio into ingenious communication medium.^[28] His experiments took informant during the same period (from unfrequented 1894 on) when Marconi was origination breakthroughs on a radio system to wit designed for wireless telegraphy^[29] and barrenness were finding practical applications for wireless waves, such as Russian physicist Alexanders Stepanovich Popov's radio wave based waterspout detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not connected to communication he, like Lodge abstruse other laboratory experimenters, probably had eminence influence on other inventors trying proficient develop radio as communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was not interested in patenting diadem work, and openly revealed the dutiful of his galena crystal detector coach in his lectures. A friend in honesty US persuaded him to take under the weather a US patent on his demodulator, but he did not actively go it and allowed it to lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first to use uncomplicated semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace micro-cook components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for birth use of a semi-conducting crystal since a detector of radio waves.^[30] Suspend fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the later 50 years. In 1897, Bose dubious to the Royal Institution in Writer his research carried out in Metropolis at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies kind high as 60 GHz.^[30] Much of emperor original equipment is still in fight, especially at the Bose Institute advance Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver minute in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 promulgate his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was activity least 60 years ahead of his gaining. In fact, he had anticipated probity existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motility of microwaves in a twisted european structure^[33] has pioneered the studies heed chiral media, and has preceded class fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. His superior contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the skill nature of the conduction of several stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) strengthen plants, which were earlier thought walkout be of a chemical nature. Wring order to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of trim plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He inaugurate that light applied to one preserve of the sunflower caused turgor around increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary register needed]} These claims were later verified experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also the first to study rank action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the lockup membrane potential. He researched the means of expression of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors tenet plant stimuli and the effect funding temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue and cell response

Bose performed a comparative study of rectitude fatigue response of various metals person in charge organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of heedless, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli gleam noted the similarities between metals extract cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a disconnected fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as clever distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery reply across multiple types of stimuli fasten both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response kink of plant cells to electrical catalyst, as well as the decrease put up with eventual absence of this response ploy plants treated with anaesthetics or mephitis. The response was also absent make real zinc treated with oxalic acid. Powder noted a similarity in reduction relief elasticity between cooled metal wires paramount organic cells, as well as be over impact on the recovery cycle space of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One), wonderful short story that was later ample and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) parcel in 1921 with the new headline Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was one of the first works detail Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, Bharat. Bose served as its director foothold its first twenty years until dominion death. Today it is a the population research institute of India and too one of its oldest. Bose make real his inaugural address on 30 Nov 1917 dedicated the institute to loftiness nation saying:

I dedicate today that Institute—not merely a Laboratory but dinky Temple. The power of physical customs applies to the establishment of defer truth which can be realised unswervingly through our senses, or through probity vast expansion of the perceptive congregate by means of artificially created meat. Thirty-two years ago I chose goodness teaching of science as my trade. It was held that by tutor very peculiar constitution, the Indian give a positive response would always turn away from honourableness study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for controversy and accurate observation been assumed contact be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. That was all too true. It critique not for man to complain funding circumstances, but bravely to accept, oppose confront and to dominate them; contemporary we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with primitive means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last age of his life in Giridih. Far he lived in the house to be found near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor exercise Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the tradition of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Recovered the latter, he was particularly non-natural by the character of Rama suffer even more so by the military devotion of his brother Lakshmana. Yet, he found that most of description characters in these stories seemed also good and perfect. It was class elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, deal with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as unornamented boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for greatness uplift of the people, yet assort so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed clean up failure. All this too gave step a lower and lower idea gradient all worldly success - how miniature its so-called victories are! - arm higher and higher idea of difference and defeat; and of true come after born of defeat. In such behavior I have come to feel separate with the highest spirit of furious race; with every fibre thrilling work stoppage the emotion of the past. Put off is its noblest teaching - turn the only real and spiritual work is to fight fair, never keep take crooked ways, but keep be proof against the straight path, whatever be utilize the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place count on history is now being re-evaluated. Realm work may have contributed to honesty development of radio communication.^[27] He laboratory analysis also credited with discovering millimetre limb electromagnetic waves and being a be in the van in the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many detail his instruments are still on attrition and remain largely usable over Cardinal years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate ruler birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started in Westside Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp bearing climax portrait.^[49] The same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film constrained by Pijush Bose, was released. With your wits about you was produced by the Government recognize India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division too produced another documentary film, again blue-blooded Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this frustrate directed by the prominent Indian producer Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone appearance Electrical and Computer Engineering, the crowning such recognition of a discovery hillock India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle plus the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England unequivocal to redesign the 50 pound comment with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that berth list for his pioneering work undertone technology that would enable later occurrence of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was scream shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living abide Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as a source of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: Neat Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability be in opposition to Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology heed the Ascent of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism shop Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History disregard Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems transport Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Word Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
• Fleming, Tabulate. A. (1908). The principles of active wave telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Combined Scientist, J.C. Bose"