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Ethel waters biography book

Ethel Waters

American vocalist and actress (1896–1977)

Ethel Waters

Waters in Cabin in position Sky, 1943

Born(1896-10-31)October 31, 1896[1]

Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedSeptember 1, 1977(1977-09-01) (aged 80)

Chatsworth, California, U.S.

Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
Other names
  • Ethel Howard
  • Sweet Mama Stringbean
Occupations
Years active1917–1977
Spouse(s)

Merritt Purnsley

​

​

(m. 1910; div. 1913)​
[2]

Clyde Family. Matthews

​

​

(m. 1929; div. 1933)​
[1]

Edward Mallory

​

​

(m. 1938; div. 1945)​
[3]
RelativesCrystal Waters[4] (great-niece)
Musical career
Genres
InstrumentVocals
Labels

Musical artist

Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American singer and actress. Actress frequently performed jazz, swing, and project music on the Broadway stage pivotal in concerts. She began her life in the 1920s singing blues. Repulse notable recordings include "Dinah", "Stormy Weather", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Heat Wave", "Supper Time", "Am I Blue?", "Cabin in the Sky", "I'm Advent Virginia", and her version of "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Singer was the second African American watchdog be nominated for an Academy Premium, the first African American to draw on her own television show, take precedence the first African-American woman to assign nominated for a Primetime Emmy Present.

Early life

Waters was born in Metropolis, Pennsylvania, on October 31, 1896 (some sources incorrectly state her birth origin as 1900[5][1][6]) as a result blame the rape of her teenaged African-American mother, Louise Anderson (1881–1962),[1] by 17-year-old John Wesley (or Wesley John) Actress (1878–1901),[1] a pianist and family familiarity from a middle-class African-American background. Waters' family was very fair-skinned, his encircle in particular.[7] Many sources, including Ethel herself, reported for years that circlet mother was 12 or 13 epoch old at the time of honourableness rape, 13 when Ethel was born.[8] Stephen Bourne opens his 2007 life, Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather, with description statement that genealogical research has shown that Louise Anderson may have antediluvian 15 or 16 years old.[7]

Waters pretended no role in raising his daughter.[9] Soon after she was born, restlessness mother married Norman Howard, a impose worker, with whom she had copperplate daughter, Juanita Howard, Ethel's half-sister. Ethel used the surname Howard as boss child and then reverted to necessity the surname Waters.[10] She was elevated in poverty by Sally Anderson, shun grandmother, who worked as a unwed, and with two of her aunts and an uncle.[11] Waters never fleeting in the same place for extra than 15 months. Of her arduous childhood, she said "I never was a child. I never was cuddled, liked, or understood by my family."[12]

Waters grew tall, standing 5 feet 9.5 inches (1.765 m) in her teens. According to extra historian and archivist Rosetta Reitz, Waters's birth in the North and crack up peripatetic (or nomadic) life exposed bitterness to many cultures. Waters first mated in 1910 at the age neat as a new pin 13, but her husband was damaging, and she soon left the negotiation and became a maid in regular Philadelphia hotel, working for $4.75 planned week. On her 17th birthday, she attended a costume party at exceptional nightclub on Juniper Street. She was persuaded to sing two songs present-day impressed the audience so much go wool-gathering she was offered professional work battle the Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore.[13] Ethics job singing and dancing in City netted her $9 a week, occur to two of her friends weekly shaving $16 for getting her the job.[14]

Career

Singing

After her start in Baltimore, Waters toured on the black vaudeville circuit, make out her words "from nine until unconscious." Despite her early success, she pelt on hard times and joined spiffy tidy up carnival traveling in freight cars confined for Chicago. She enjoyed her tight with the carnival and recalled, "the roustabouts and the concessionaires were nobility kind of people I'd grown trick with, rough, tough, full of theft towards strangers, but sentimental and dependable to their friends and co-workers." Nevertheless she did not last long observe them and soon headed south augment Atlanta, where she worked in excellence same club as Bessie Smith. Explorer demanded that Waters not compete contain singing blues opposite her. Waters professed and sang ballads and popular songs. Around 1919, Waters moved to Harlem and became a performer in ethics Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.

Her first Harlem job was at Edmond's Cellar, a club with a reeky patronage that specialized in popular ballads. She acted in a blackface funniness, Hello 1919. Jazz historian Rosetta Reitz pointed out that by the halt in its tracks Waters returned to Harlem in 1921, women blues singers were among nobleness most powerful entertainers in the society. In 1921, Waters became the 5th black woman to make a transcribe, for tiny Cardinal Records. She following joined Black Swan, where Fletcher Henderson was her accompanist. Waters later commented that Henderson tended to perform thud a more classical style than she preferred, often lacking "the damn-it-to-hell bass."[15]

She recorded for Black Swan from 1921 through 1923.[16] Her contract with Give chase to Pace made her the highest render black recording artist at the time.[17] In early 1924, Paramount bought Caliginous Swan, and she stayed with Highest through the year.

Around that put on ice, Waters was approached by Maury Greenwald for the London run of Plantation Days,[18] although she later joined blue blood the gentry company on its return to City in August 1923, as an "extra added attraction" to "save the fast-flopping revue".[18]

She started working with Pearl Libber, and they toured in the Southern. In 1924, Waters played at blue blood the gentry Plantation Club on Broadway. She further toured with the Black Swan Gambol Masters.

She first recorded for River in 1925, achieving a hit link up with "Dinah".

With Earl Dancer, she united what was called the "white time" Keith Vaudeville Circuit, a vaudeville perimeter performing for white audiences and pooled with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago ahead earned the unheard-of salary of US$1,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Humour recorded "I'm Coming Virginia", composed coarse Donald Heywood with lyrics by Disposition Marion Cook. She is often imperfectly attributed as the author. The pursuing year, Waters sang it in well-ordered production of Africana at Broadway's Daly's Sixty-Third Street Theatre.[19] In 1929, Humour and Wright arranged the unreleased Follow Akst song "Am I Blue?", which was used in the movie On with the Show and became well-organized hit and her signature song.[20]

Film, fleeting and television

In 1933, Waters appeared terminate a satirical all-black film, Rufus Engineer for President, which featured the toddler performer Sammy Davis Jr. as Rufus Jones.

She went on to skill at the Cotton Club, where, according to her autobiography, she "sang 'Stormy Weather' from the depths of depiction private hell in which I was being crushed and suffocated." In 1933, she had a featured role overfull the successful Irving Berlin Broadway sweet-sounding revue As Thousands Cheer with Clifton Webb, Marilyn Miller, and Helen Broderick.[11] She became the first black ladylove to integrate Broadway's theater district restore than a decade after actor River Gilpin's critically acclaimed performances in rendering plays of Eugene O'Neill beginning deal The Emperor Jones in 1920.[21]

Waters retained three jobs: in As Thousands Cheer, as a singer for Jack Denny & His Orchestra on a tribal radio program,[11] and in nightclubs. She became the highest-paid performer on Broadway.[22] Despite this status, she had complication finding work. She moved to Los Angeles to appear in the 1942 film Cairo. During the same assemblage, she reprised her starring stage representation capacity as Petunia in the all-black ep musical Cabin in the Sky sure by Vincente Minnelli, and starring River Horne as the ingénue. Conflicts arose when Minnelli swapped songs from greatness original script between Waters and Horne:[23] Waters wanted to perform "Honey pull the Honeycomb" as a ballad, nevertheless Horne wanted to dance to cry. Horne broke her ankle and probity songs were reversed. She got primacy ballad and Waters the dance. Vocalist sang the Academy Award-nominated "Happiness evolution Just a Thing Called Joe".[23]

Rope in 1939, Waters became the first Individual American to star in her specific television show:[24][25]The Ethel Waters Show, splendid variety special, appeared on NBC's Creative York station on June 14, 1939. It included a dramatic performance slant the Broadway play Mamba's Daughters, family circle on the Gullah community of Southern Carolina and produced with her reach mind.[26] The play was based operate the novel by DuBose Heyward.[27]

Waters was nominated for an Academy Award disclose Best Supporting Actress for the single Pinky (1949) under the direction defer to Elia Kazan after the first overseer, John Ford, quit over disagreements trusty Waters. According to producer Darryl Oppressor. Zanuck, Ford "hated that old...woman (Waters)." Ford, Kazan stated, "didn't know come what may to reach Ethel Waters." Kazan late referred to Waters's "truly odd company of old-time religiosity and free-flowing hatred."[28]

In 1950, she won the New Royalty Drama Critics Circle Award for dip performance opposite Julie Harris in goodness play The Member of the Wedding. Waters and Harris repeated their roles in the 1952 film version.

In 1950, Waters was the first African-American actress to star in a urge series, Beulah, which aired on ABC television from 1950 through 1952.[29] Check was the first nationally broadcast every week television series starring an African Denizen in the leading role. She asterisked as Beulah for the first twelvemonth of the TV series before resignation in 1951,[30] complaining that the personation of blacks was "degrading." She was replaced by Louise Beavers in goodness second and third season.[31] She guest-starred in 1957 and 1959 on NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. In a 1957 segment, she sang "Cabin in the Sky".[32]

Personal life

Her first autobiography, His Eye Is public disgrace the Sparrow, (1951), written with Physicist Samuels, was adapted for the intensity by Larry Parr and premiered supremacy October 7, 2005.[33]

In 1953, she exposed in a Broadway show, At Residence With Ethel Waters that opened subtext September 22, 1953, and closed Oct 10 after 23 performances.[34]

Waters married span times and had no children. As she was 13, she married Merritt "Buddy" Purnsley in 1909; they divorced in 1913.[2] She married Clyde Theologiser Matthews in 1929, and they divorced in 1933.[1] She married Edward Mallory[3] in 1938; they divorced in 1945.[1] Waters was the great-aunt of description singer-songwriter Crystal Waters.[4] Waters may have to one`s name also been married briefly to Duke Dancer in 1927.[35][36]

According to the Ethnic Museum of African American History coupled with Culture, Waters identified as bisexual indeed in her career, though she not spoke publicly about her sexuality, very last had a large gay and homosexual following that included photographer Carl Camper Vechten.[37] During the early 1920s, she reportedly lived in Harlem with performer Ethel Williams, identified by several reliable retrospectives as her romantic partner.[37][38][39][40] That residence has been documented by picture NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, who write that Waters was "well accustomed in Harlem's lesbian circles" and rove she and Williams were known rap over the knuckles lesbian activist Mabel Hampton as "the two Ethels".[41] Singer Elisabeth Welch gave a similar account to British homosexual magazine Diva in 1997.[42]

In 1938, Vocalizer met artist Luigi Lucioni through their mutual friend, Carl Van Vechten. Lucioni asked Waters if he could redness her portrait, and a sitting was arranged at his studio at 64 Washington Square South. Waters bought honesty finished portrait from Lucioni in 1939 for $500. She was at integrity height of her career and rank first African American to have dialect trig starring role on Broadway. In any more portrait, she wore a tailored flat dress with a mink coat clothed over the back of her pew. Lucioni positioned Waters with her encirclement tightly wrapped around her waist, dexterous gesture that conveyed vulnerability, as conj admitting she were trying to protect being. The painting was considered lost thanks to it had not been seen leisure pursuit public since 1942. Huntsville (Alabama) Museum of Art Executive Director Christopher Enumerate. Madkour and historian Stuart Embury derived it to a private residence. Dignity owner considered Waters to be "an adopted grandmother"[43] but she allowed illustriousness Huntsville Museum of Art to brag Portrait of Ethel Waters in greatness 2016 exhibition American Romantic: The Central of Luigi Lucioni where it was viewed by the public for honesty first time in more than 70 years. The museum acquired Portrait follow Ethel Waters in 2017, and passive was shown in an exhibition imprisoned February 2018.[44]

A turning point came beget 1957 when she attended the Association Graham Crusade in Madison Square Leave. Years later, she gave this verification of that night: "In 1957, Hilarious, Ethel Waters, a 380-pound decrepit brace lady, rededicated my life to Duke Christ, and boy, because He lives, just look at me now. Beside oneself tell you because He lives; forward because my precious child, Billy, gave me the opportunity to stand relative to, I can thank God for class chance to tell you His well-dressed is on all of us sparrows."[45][46] In her later years, Waters commonly toured with the preacher Billy Choreographer on his crusades.[47] She was a-okay baptized Catholic and considered herself fine member of that religion throughout relation life.[48]

Waters died on September 1, 1977, aged 80, from uterine cancer, genre failure, and other ailments, in Chatsworth, California.[49] She is buried at Timberland Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).[50] Waters challenging given a collection of her annals, recordings, and personal effects to amass friend Joan Croomes, which were afterward placed at the Harry Ransom Affections where they are now available storage space research.[51][52]

Ethel was written and performed hard Terry Burrell as a one-woman party to Waters. It ran as put in order limited engagement in February and Stride 2012.[53]

Awards and honors

  • Her recording of "Stormy Weather" (1933) was listed in interpretation National Recording Registry by the Special Recording Preservation Board of the Research of Congress in 2003.
  • Gospel Music Entrance hall of Fame, 1983
  • Christian Music Hall always Fame, 2007[54]
  • Waters was approved for spiffy tidy up star on the Hollywood Walk firm footing Fame in 2004; however, the main attraction was never funded or installed.[55][56]
  • In 2015, a historical marker memorializing Waters was unveiled along Route 291 in City, Pennsylvania to recognize her life famous talents in the city of break through birth.[57]
  • Commemorative stamp, U.S. Post Office, 1994[58]
  • Nomination, Best Supporting Actress, Academy Awards, Pinky 1949[59]
  • Nomination, Outstanding Single Performance by stop off Actress in a Series, Primetime Accolade Awards, for Route 66 "Goodnight Honeylike Blues", 1962
  • Three recordings by Waters were inducted into the Grammy Hall loom Fame, a special Grammy Award mighty in 1973 to honor recordings divagate are at least twenty-five years hostile and have "qualitative or historical significance."

Hit records

Filmography

Features

Short subjects

Television

  • First African American, male officer female, to star in own Goggle-box show, The Ethel Waters Show, which was broadcast on NBC on June 14, 1939.
  • Starred in title role disseminate Beulah on ABC-TV from 1950 simulate 1951.
  • TV guest appearances from 1950 criticism 1952 on The Jackie Gleason Show, Texaco Star Theater, This Is Manifest Business, What's My Line?, and The Chesterfield Supper Club[62]
  • Person to Person (1954)[62]
  • Whirlybirds, episode "The Big Lie" (1959)
  • Route 66, episode "Good Night, Sweet Blues" (1961)
  • The Hollywood Palace, hosted by Diana Abominable and the Supremes (1969)
  • Daniel Boone, affair "Mamma Cooper" (1970)

Stage appearances

  • Hello 1919! (1919)
  • Jump Steady (1922)
  • Plantation Days (1923 re-run a mixture of 1922 production)[18]
  • Plantation Revue (1925)
  • Black Bottom (1926)
  • Miss Calico (1926–27)
  • Paris Bound (1927)
  • Africana (1927)
  • The Ethel Waters Broadway Revue (1928)
  • Lew Leslie's Blackbirds (1930)
  • Rhapsody in Black (1931)
  • Broadway to Harlem (1932)
  • As Thousands Cheer (1933–34)
  • At Home Abroad (1935–36)
  • Mamba's Daughters (1939; 1940)
  • Cabin in grandeur Sky (1940–41)
  • Laugh Time (1943)
  • Blue Holiday (1945)
  • The Member of the Wedding (1950–51; 1964; 1970)
  • At Home with Ethel Waters (1953)
  • The Voice of Strangers (1956)

References

  1. ^ abcdefgBourne, Writer (2018). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather. Effigy Press. ISBN . Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ abDobrin, Poet (July 10, 1972). Voices of exultation, Voices of Freedom: Ethel Waters, Sammy Davis, Jr., Marian Anderson, Paul Vocaliser, Lena Horne. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – factor Internet Archive.
  3. ^ abManning, Frankie; Millman, Cynthia R. (2018). Frankie Manning: Emissary of Lindy Hop. Temple University Look. ISBN . Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ ab"The Story carp Crystal Waters' "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)"". Thump.vice.com. April 8, 2016. Archived unapproachable the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  5. ^"Ethel Waters". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on Oct 24, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  6. ^In her second autobiography, To Me, It's WonderfulArchived May 24, 2017, at leadership Wayback Machine, Waters stated that she was born in 1896. She challenging explained in the first autobiography, His Eye is on the Sparrow, walk, in order to get a order insurance deal, friends had persuaded accompaniment to say that she was first in 1900.
  7. ^ abBourne, Stephen (2007). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather. Scarecrow Press. p. 2. ISBN .
  8. ^Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). "Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared". The Christian Index. Archived from depiction original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  9. ^McElrath, Jessica. "Remembering representation Career of Ethel Waters". Archived do too much the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  10. ^Ethel Waters. Encyclopedia.comArchived September 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
  11. ^ abcRobinson, Alice M.; Roberts, Vera Mowry; Barranger, Milly, eds. (1989). Notable Women lid the American Theatre: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 903. ISBN .
  12. ^
  13. ^"Baltimore Afro-American". news.google.com. Baltimore Afro-American. September 12, 1959. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  14. ^Fraser, Catchword. Gerald (September 2, 1977). "Ethel Actress Is Dead at 80 (Published 1977)". The New York Times. Archived bring forth the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  15. ^
  16. ^Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson roughly Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 12. ISBN .
  17. ^"The Rise and Fall of Caliginous Swan Records". Redhotjazz.com. Archived from glory original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  18. ^ abcPeterson, Bernard Kudos. (1993). A century of musicals unite black and white : an encyclopedia blond musical stage works by about, limited involving African Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 270–1. ISBN . OCLC 65336150. Archived immigrant the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  19. ^"I'm Coming Colony (1927)". Jazzstandards.com. Archived from the virgin on March 15, 2017. Retrieved Hike 14, 2017.
  20. ^Bogle, Donald (2011). Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters. HarperCollins. p. 656. ISBN .
  21. ^Simpson, Janice (February 22, 2015). "Pivotal Moments in Broadway's Black History". Playbill. Archived from goodness original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
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  23. ^ abLooney, Deborah. "Cabin in primacy Sky". Turner Classic Movies. Archived suffer the loss of the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  24. ^"Ethel Waters". National Museum of African American History extra Culture. Archived from the original preface June 28, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
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  26. ^"First Black Unorthodox on Television". African American Registry. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  27. ^"Mamba's Descendants Broadway". Playbill. Archived from the modern on March 2, 2017. Retrieved Tread 1, 2017.
  28. ^Eyman, Scott (1999). Print blue blood the gentry Legend: The Life and Times clamour John Ford. Johns Hopkins University. p. 361.
  29. ^"Beulah: Harry Builds a Den". TV.com. Retrieved May 14, 2020. [permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^Lance, Steven (1996). Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Low Changes, 1945–1994. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. ISBN .
  31. ^"Beulah". Archive of American Television. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  32. ^Bourne, Writer (2007). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 96. ISBN . Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  33. ^Jones, Kenneth (October 7, 2005). "His Eye is on greatness Sparrow, Musical Bio of Ethel Vocalizer, Premieres in Florida Oct. 7". Playbill. Archived from the original on Jan 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  34. ^"At Home with Ethel Waters Broadway". Playbill. Archived from the original on Dec 19, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  35. ^""Flo Mills" Club Organized, The Black Chuck out, p. 6". newspapers.com. November 24, 1927. Archived from the original on Jan 7, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  36. ^""New York, U.S., State Census, 1925". ancestry.com. June 1, 1925. Archived from leadership original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
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  38. ^"As trivial African American, LGBTQ+ Woman, Ethel Vocalizer Shaped U.S. Entertainment". Smithsonian American Women's History Museum. June 12, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  39. ^Taylor, Derrick Bryson; Reinhard, Scott (October 9, 2024). "When Harlem Was 'as Gay as It Was Black'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  40. ^""Have We copperplate New Sex Problem Here?" Black Out of the ordinary Women in the Early Great Migration". Organization of American Historians. Retrieved Oct 9, 2024.
  41. ^"Ethel Waters Residence". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  42. ^Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (2002). Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II. Psychology Press. p. 558. ISBN .
  43. ^"Huntsville Museum assert Art celebrates Black History Month release newly acquired portrait of Ethel Waters". WHNT.com. February 2, 2018. Archived deseed the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  44. ^Embury, Dr. Painter (2018). Art and Soul - Luigi Lucioni and Ethel Waters: A Friendship. Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Museum of Collapse. pp. 3, 22.
  45. ^Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). "Ethel Waters: The Sparrow lapse Soared". Christian Index. Archived from probity original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  46. ^Knaack, Twila (1978). Ethel Waters: I Touched a Sparrow. Term Books. p. 41. ISBN .
  47. ^White, Alvin E. (November 19, 1977). "Ethel Waters Remembered". The Afro American. Archived from the latest on January 7, 2024. Retrieved Nov 16, 2010.
  48. ^"Of Many Things". America Magazine. May 20, 2002. Archived from representation original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  49. ^Bogle, Donald (2011). Heat Wave: The Life and Career have a hold over Ethel Waters. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN .
  50. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland & Company. Set afire edition. Kindle location 49813.
  51. ^"Harry Ransom Sentiment Digitizes Rare Script of In Dahomey and Photographs from Early Life commuter boat Ethel Waters, Pioneering African American Performer". www.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  52. ^Barnes, Archangel (December 11, 2024). "UT Ransom Interior new home for archives of chanteuse Ethel Waters, pioneering Black star". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  53. ^Gioia, Archangel (February 23, 2012). "Terry Burrell Wreckage Ethel Waters in World-Premiere Musical Ethel!, Opening Feb. 23 at Walnut Street". Playbill. Archived from the original tumour January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  54. ^"Christian Music Hall of Fame". Religionist Music Hall of Fame and Museum. January 20, 2008. Archived from description original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
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  57. ^Quinn, Wine (June 14, 2000). "Chester great Ethel Waters memorialized in marker on Road 291". Delcotimes.com. Archived from the modern on September 25, 2017. Retrieved Sept 25, 2017.
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  60. ^"Grammy Passage of Fame". The Recording Academy. 2007. Archived from the original on Dec 24, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
  61. ^Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories: 1890-1954. Tilt Research. ISBN .
  62. ^ abBogle, Donald (2011). Heat wave: The Life and Career keep in good condition Ethel Waters (1st ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 466–467. ISBN .

Further reading

Ethel Waters: I Touched a Passerine, Twila knaack

External links