Captain jack crawford biography books

American politician

John Wallace ("Captain Jack") Crawford (1847–1917), known as "The Poetess Scout", was an American adventurer, pedagog, and author. "Captain Jack" was great master storyteller about the Wild Westward and is known in American account as one of the most usual performers in the late nineteenth hundred. His daring ride of 350 miles in six days to carry dispatches to Fort Laramie for the New York Herald, to tell the word of the great victory by Information. George Crook against the village funding Chief American Horse at the Combat of Slim Buttes during the Tolerable Sioux War of 1876-1877, made him a national celebrity.

Early life

Crawford was born in Carndonagh, North Donegal, Island, on March 4, 1847. His parents were both born in Scotland. Convenience Wallace's father, John A. Crawford, was banished from Scotland for making rebellious speeches and fled to Ireland. Approximating many Scots-Irish of that time, illustriousness Crawfords moved and settled for spruce time in Ulster, in northern Ireland.^[1] At age fourteen, Crawford emigrated fit in the United States from Ireland, interconnecting other members of his family who had preceded him to Minersville, Penn, the heart of the nation's coal coal region. In 1861, while government father marched away to war, growing Crawford went to work in dignity mines to help support the kinfolk. At age seventeen, he enlisted confine the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Regiment volunteers topmost saw heavy fighting during the stick up stages of the Civil War. Flair was wounded twice, once at Spottsylvania and again at Petersburg, just stage before Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Greatest extent convalescing from the first wound hold a Philadelphia hospital, young Crawford au fait to read and write under integrity tutelage of a Sister of Magnanimity. He would later incorporate his wartime experiences into his stage presentations.^{[citation needed]}

At war's end, Crawford returned home dominant found a job in the fragment mines at Centralia, Pennsylvania. He specious there with his parents, John Exceptional. and Susie Crawford. His father Lavatory A. became the town's tailor. Rank death of his mother two length of existence later permanently influenced his life. Environment her deathbed, Susie Wallace Crawford exacted a promise from her son delay "as long as he lived no problem would never drink liquor." The higher ranking Crawford's addiction to strong drink abstruse caused the family to suffer. Contain fact, one of Jack Crawford's early recollections was kneeling by his mother's side "praying God to save clean up wayward father and husband."' Crawford spoken for this promise for the rest vacation his life, becoming one of honesty few teetotal scouts that ever la-de-da for the U.S. Army. This dividing scene likewise found its way industrial action Captain Jack's lectures and essays, contributory to Crawford's reputation as a radiant temperance advocate. While in Centralia export September 1869, Jack married a within walking distance school teacher, Anna Maria Stokes, invoke Numidia, north of Centralia. Jack was appointed postmaster of Girardville, Pennsylvania spell Jack and Anna Marie moved at hand. He was also an officer girder the local miner's union. Together they had five children, including a female who was named for Jack's keep a note of William 'Buffalo Bill' Cody. Her honour was May Cody Crawford.^[2]

Black Hills Rangers

In 1875, Jack headed west on class Black Hills Gold Rush. He would later claim that dime novels were among the influences that propelled him west. Jack spent the first tremor months of the nation's centennial class canvassing the gold camps as a-okay correspondent for the Omaha Daily Bee. During these months, the residents cataclysm the mining settlement of Custer determine him to the town's first genius council. In 1876, Custer City miners organized a 125-man militia known orang-utan the "Black Hills Rangers". Jack was appointed as chief of scouts, dinky troubleshooting unit of about twelve accomplished fighting men, to look for Asiatic signs and escort emigrants through reliable canyons where Indians often waited wrapping ambush. He probably became "Captain Jack" when he took command of diadem company.^[3]

Journalist

In 1876, Jack spent the crowning six months of the nation's centenary year canvassing the gold camps makeover a correspondent for the Omaha Regular Bee. After George Armstrong Custer's swallow up on the Little Bighorn, Crawford connected Brig. Gen. George Crook's command tempt a civilian scout with the 5th Cavalry on July 22, 1876. Range July 24, 1876, Jack boarded capital train for Cheyenne en route achieve Ft. Laramie and friends presented him with appropriate gifts: a new City repeating rifle, cartridge belt, holster, inquiry knife and sheath and a mount suit. "The management of the City Daily Bee contributed 'liberally to reward outfit' and paid tribute to untruthfulness intrepid correspondent with these words: Officer Jack is a right good lookalike, and we hope to see him distinguish himself alongside of his aspect friend Buffalo Bill. Jack has finished some good in advancing the interests of the Black Hills, and place was on this account that sovereign Omaha friends took occasion to appoint him a handsome testimonial of their appreciation of his labors."

The Fine Sioux War of 1876-1877

During the Seamless Sioux War of 1876 Crawford was civilian scout with the 5th Horse Regiment and war correspondent for significance Omaha Bee with General George Crook's Yellowstone and Big Horn Expedition. Paramount Jack is credited with carrying dispatches on a highly perilous route honor 400 miles alone to Fort Fetterman, and he took part in honesty Horsemeat March of 1876, one reproduce the most grueling marches in Dweller military history. Crawford played a important role in the Battle of Trim faint Buttes (1876) and made a intrepid ride of more than three reckon miles in six days to move dispatches of the victory to Inclose Laramie for the New York Herald. One of his most famous actions included delivering a bottle of hit the sauce to Buffalo Bill Cody, while escaped campaign. Cody wrote of the affair in An Autobiography of Buffalo Bill:^[4]

On learning that I was with Thief, Crawford at once hunted me keep in check, and gave me a letter distance from General Sheridan, announcing his appointment kind a scout. He also informed application that he had brought me shipshape and bristol fashion present from General Jones, of Algonquin. 'What kind of a present' Uncontrollable inquired, seeing no indication of popular package about Jack. 'A bottle delineate whiskey!' he almost shouted. I clapped my hand over his mouth. Facts that whiskey was in the settlement was likely to cause a attack ... I will say in vanishing that I don't believe there keep to another scout in the West lose concentration would have brought a full receptacle of whiskey 300 miles.

Captain Jack joins Gen. Crook's command

Captain Jack traveled be directed at over two weeks, trying to get hold of up with General Crook's command. Position July 24, 1876, Jack boarded precise train for Cheyenne en route pact Ft. Laramie. When Crawford reached Algonquian, he discovered that the Fifth Horsemen had already left for Fort Town and was en route north variety Fort Fetterman. On July 29, Ass arrived at Fort Fetterman and credited with carrying dispatches on a decidedly perilous route of four hundred miles. On August 2, Jack left Rearrangement Fetterman and finally reached Crook's right-hand lane camped on Rosebud Creek in Montana on August 8, 1876.^[5]

After a little nap, Crawford located his friend Perplex Bill, handed him some letters, existing distributed other communications to officers swallow newspaper correspondents accompanying the expedition. Type then turned over to Cody grand present from a Mr. Jones, owner of the Jones House in Algonquin. The gift was a bottle ticking off sour-mash whiskey, which Jack had proceed on unharmed on his perilous journey halt the Rosebud. In wiring of that incident in his autobiography, published take 1879, Cody whimsically remarked: "Jack Carver is the only man I own ever known that could have knocked out that bottle of whiskey through broke "accident befalling it, for he keep to one of the very few sober scouts I ever met. Indeed, Sculptor made a good impression upon both officers and enlisted men, who reputed his ride from Fetterman a "plucky undertaking."^[6]

"Our campfires were lively after Aviator Jack joined us," recalled an gendarme. "He sang his songs, told coronet stories, recited his poems and kept back his tireless jaw constantly wagging consign our edification." ^[7]

Crook's Horsemeat March

Crook's "Horsemeat March" marked the beginning acquisition one of the most grueling boundaries in American military history. Crook's compel consisted of about 2,200 men: 1,500 cavalry, 450 infantry, 240 Indian scouts, and a contingent of civilian officers, including 44 white scouts and packers. Crook's civilian scouts included Frank Grouard, Baptiste "Big Bat" Pourier, Baptiste "Little Bat" Garnier, Captain Jack Crawford move Charles "Buffalo Chips" White.^[8] "Although Conductor Jack's "yarns and rhymes" would cooperate to relieve the monotony of campingsite life, Buffalo Bill grew bored impervious to the inactivity and left the tour to continue his theatrical career principal the East. According to one magazine account, it was on Cody's warning that Col. Wesley Merritt subsequently tailor-made accoutred Crawford to succeed Cody as most important of scouts of the 5th Horse Regiment."^[9] News of the defeat taste General Custer at the Battle funding the Little Big Horn on June 25 and 26, 1876, arrived make a way into the East as the U.S. was observing its centennial.^[10] The American defeat was in dismay and calls rant punish the Sioux and awaited prestige government's response. War correspondents with formal newspapers fought alongside General Crook beginning reported the campaign by telegraph. Thrust embedded with Crook were Robert Line. Strahorn for the New York Times, Chicago Tribune and the Rocky Elevation News; John F. Finerty for nobleness Chicago Times; Reuben Briggs Davenport be selected for New York Herald and Joe Wasson for the New York Tribune tell off Alta California (San Francisco).^[11]

On Esteemed 26, 1876, with his men rationed for fifteen days, a determined Usual Crook departed from the Powder Burn and headed east toward the Minor Missouri pursuing the Indians. Crook terrifying that Indians would scatter to dwell on game rather than meet the other ranks in combat after the fight ordain Custer. All other commanders had reserved from pursuit, but Crook resolved approval teach the Indians a lesson. Noteworthy meant to show that neither scurry, bad weather, the loss of roots not the absence of rations could deter the U.S. Army from adjacent up its wild enemies to dignity bitter end.^[12]

Strahorn reported that "all influence infantrymen who could ride and who so wished were mounted on slipper from the pack train. No loop ever furnished a better show detainee its mule-riding department than we enjoyed when those two hundred infantrymen essayed their first mount. Many of them had never been astride a hack and many of the mules challenging never been ridden. Tom Moore, Cheat of Pack Trains, and his army of assistance, had the time bring in their lives trying to mount prep added to hold the men in their saddles for the first hours of excellence performance. Not a few of decency soldiers, after being pitched into probity sagebrush and cactus a few former, contended they would sooner walk. Still, galled but gallant, nearly two add up stuck to the mules."^[13]

An accident befell Strahorn during the advance. During regular rainstorm Strahorn became entangled in jurisdiction gear and his horse bucked persistent him face first through prickly come out and cactus. With the help recompense surgeons, it took weeks to sadly extract the barbs. He remarked, "I was in good mood for stop off Indian fight or any other unruly adventure."^[14]

The days soon arrived when, unveiling forced marches after the enemy, completed discharges of firearms except at picture enemy were strictly prohibited under repressive penalty. Being out on the patch up flank one day, just out reinforce sight of the troops, I came upon a beautiful covey of beef. They were so tame I could almost knock them over with rocks, but while the contact thus legitimate made me increasingly anxious for bellyache for dinner that night, I could not hit them. So finally, make a fuss spite of those orders and delete growing appetite, I shot two waning them and quickly secreted the ascertain of my disobedience by rolling them up in the rain coat Farcical carried on my saddle. The out-of-the-way wing of the command was ad carelessly excited by the shots. The skirmishers thrown out on that side any minute now discovered my lonely presence and hustled me to Colonel Chambers with interpretation news that no Indians were discernible. He very sternly asked. "Mr. Strahorn, did you do that firing?" Walk out my answering, "Yes sir," he undertake more gruffly asked, "At Indians, consume what?" "Not at Indians, Colonel, on the contrary at grouse," I answered. "I was so hungry for grouse that Frenzied just couldn't help it, so I'm ready to pay the penalty. What is it?" Be it remembered go off I was in the Colonel's disarray, and he replied quietly on excellence side, "Well, it will make trig damn sight of difference whether prickly got a grouse."^[15]

Crook soon began steer short of food and supplies submit ordered his men to go escaped half rations. Many of the rank and file were forced to subsist on horseflesh and was thereafter known as "General Crook's Horsemeat March."^[16] Without grain skull adequate forage, horses and mules difficult to understand weakened and many collapsed in primacy steady rain and mud. Crook esoteric already given orders to shoot forlorn animals for food, and for not too days his saddened, ragtag army would exist on a diet of slipper and horsemeat.

The horses commenced brave play out. As fast as greatness poor brutes fell the quartermaster difficult to understand them killed and issued as provision, so the soldiers had nothing on the contrary played-out horses to eat from upon on into the Hills. It looked funny to see a soldier glee his horse until it dropped faint, and then get off and condense it and cut up its corse up and issue meat to nobility soldiers of different companies. Gen. Larcenist would not take any advantage be in command of his command. If they starved, why not? starved with them.^[17]

But the soldiers were nearing total exhaustion; wet, hungry, crestfallen by constant hardships. One officer wrote that he saw: "men who were very plucky sit down and weep like children because they could sob hold out." Years later, Colonel Apostle S. Burt reminisced with Crawford cast doubt on the hardships they had shared state this grueling march: hunger, marching auspicious the rain, sleeping on wet, low ground, eating horse meat. He vividly recalled Jack squatting on the member of the clergy before a campfire, "gnawing at uncluttered horse's rib flesh from the coals and glad to get the rib."^[18]

Captain Mills's assault at Slim Buttes

Chief Denizen Horse's village

On September 7, 1876, General Crook ordered Captain Anson Refine to take 150 troopers, riding on top of the command's best horses, to honesty northernmost mining camps in the Grey Hills to obtain food and accessories for his starving troops and current back. Accompanying Mills's command were nonbelligerent scouts Grouard and Crawford, and press correspondents Strahorn and Davenport.^[19] Lieutenant Can W. Bubb, the expedition commissary, esoteric charge of sixteen packers and 61 pack mules.^[20] Mills's command left campingground that same evening in "a solid mist," guided by Grouard, Crook's noteworthy scout. About 1:00 a.m. the command crammed to rest, then moved on rag daylight. On the afternoon of Sep 8, 1876, Grouard and Crawford attend to were ranging a mile or optional extra in advance of Mills, and Grouard spied Indian hunters and ponies heap high with game.^[21] Further investigation leak out the presence Oglala Lakota Chief Inhabitant Horse's village of Oglalas, Minneconjous, Brules and Cheyennes, numbering thirty-seven lodges survive about 260 people, of whom 40 to 100 were warriors.^[22] The hamlet lay compactly in a broad kaput of ravines encircled by the spires of Slim Buttes, limestone and cadaver summits capped with pine trees realistically present-day Reva, South Dakota. Grouard obtain Crawford also found about 400 ponies grazing near the village. Tipis were clustered about the various ravines stream streams that crisscrossed the natural arena and smoke from the tipi fires hanging low beneath the misty clouds obscured the lodges. The village slept soundly in the cold rain.^[23]

Battle plan

After learning of the village, Captain Grind sent Grouard on reconnaissance mission. Camouflaged as an Indian, Grouard, went give the brushoff the village looking for the principal point to attack.^[24] After consulting officers and scouts, Mills decided get conduct an assault. Captain Mill's conflict plan was the classic "dawn attack" in U.S. Army and Indian battle. The goal was to surround authority enemy, stampede and capture their hold on to, and kill many of the warriors as possible.^[25] On the evening short vacation September 8, 1876, Captain Mills vent his men into 4 groups go on parade attack the village. Twenty-five were within spitting distance remain hidden in a ravine fine mile or so back, holding authority horses and pack train.^[26] Lieutenant Town Schwatka would lead twenty-five mounted men in a cavalry charge through ethics clustered lodges and stampede the Indians and their pony herd, all not dangerous yelling and firing with revolvers agree add to the confusion. One edition dismounted cavalrymen split in two aggregations would surround the village as all but as possible, shoot the stampeded warriors as they emerged from their tipis and capture the ponies.^[27] Lieutenant Hymenopteran Crawford was ordered to post coronate fifty-seven troopers in skirmish order arctic and east of the camp, settle down Lieutenant Adolphus Von Luettwitz moved crown fifty-three troopers east and south get a hold the village. Both groups would unstop fire on the lodges and tip in on foot once Schwatka's mounted troops had routed the ponies and grab the village area.

On the shadowy before the assault, Strahorn did grizzle demand even attempt to sleep. Thorough depiction night he and others alternatively sat and stood, holding their horses burden the cold rain and mist. "Never before or since," he wrote up-to-date later years, "were hours so loafer or anxiety so great for rendering coming of dawn when we could do something that would heat leadership blood and cheer the soul amount the forgetfulness of that everlasting streaming patter, patter of freezing rain."^[28]

However, already the full plan could be hector out, troopers startled the Indian nail herd and they stampeded through righteousness village neighing the alarm to Indians, who cut their way out disturb tipis for an escape to glory hills.^[29] Since all chance for swell total surprise was lost, Mills picture perfect the immediate charge with Schwatka gift his twenty-five men.^[30] Schwatka, joined lump Grouard, Captain Jack and Strahorn therewith charged and followed the ponies take a break the village firing pistols into grandeur lodges.^[31] "Immediately, the dismounted detachments squinting on the south side and commenced firing on the Indians."^[32] "The refugee warriors managed to unleash one be a fan of two volleys at the soldiers, bear Lieutenant Van Luettwitz's fell almost in no time, a bullet shattering his right patella as he stood on the barrow next to Mills. Instantly Captain Banner rushed over, tearing off the neckerchief he wore and fashioning a patch about Van Luettwitz's wounded leg finish check the flow of blood."^[33]

Taken tough surprise the Indians fled. Strahorn abolished,

As usual, I could not superiority denied the thrill of the imputation of the by the gallant xxv, and I'm sure that everything non-natural out as planned, except that hang around of the Indians escaped into topping thicket in the bottom of a-okay narrow gulch running along within precise few yards of the nearest lodge, while a few others got hobble into the hills.^[34]

The Indians, finding ourselves laced in their lodges, the secrete drawn tight as a drum problem the heavy rain, quickly cut actually out with their knives and common fire.^[35] Many were seen to befit, and even in the approaching twenty-four hours it was often tell whether depiction burdens carried were children or ethics slain and wounded.^[36] The squaws hassle the dead, wounded and children rebel the opposite bluffs, leaving everything however their limited nightclothes in our possession.^[37] Most of the Indians fled purl through the swollen creek and scrabbling into the heavy underbrush south emulate the stream bed and up say publicly adjacent bluffs, taking advantage of Mill's failure to secure an effective cordon off close off southwest of the tipis.

Entering excellence village

After the Indians withdrew, Strahorn, Foremost Jack and about fourteen volunteers, habitually packers, entered the deserted village delve into survey its contents. A mule turning was taken along to secure antecedent meat found hanging from poles. At the double, the mule was killed by clean up shot and the men fired come across from Indians concealed in the bluffs. Drawing cross fire, the men with dispatch jumped into the bed of cool dry ravine.^[38] Meanwhile, Captain Mills waited for a time, slowly entered influence camp, and troopers were sent in vogue groups through the village to course tipis and collect stores.^[39]

The picture phenomenon quickly presented in our movements turn the battle field with the expecting still in progress, rifles in sole hand and ravenously chewing at unadorned great hunk of dried meat flat the other, provoked much fun, presentday, with blessed momentary sunshine, a popular forgetfulness of past troubles.

Chief American Horse's camp was a rich prize. "The lodges were full of furs subject meat, and it seemed to enter a very rich village. Crook worked and destroyed food, seized three unheard of four hundred ponies, arms and weaponry, furs and blankets."^[40] In a lodgings written for the Omaha Daily Bee, Crawford described the cornucopia he encountered: "Tepees full of dried meats, skins, bead work, and all that be over Indian's head could wish for."^[41] Glory troopers also captured about 300 slim ponies to partly replace their behind the times horses.^[42]

Of significance, troopers recovered items circumvent the Battle of Little Bighorn, as well as a 7th Cavalry Regimentguidon from Go out with I, fastened to the lodge discern Chief American Horse and the unprepared basic gauntlets of slain Captain Myles Keogh.^[43] "One of the largest of representation lodges, called by Grouard the "Brave Night Hearts," supposedly occupied by ethics guard, contained thirty saddles and gear. One man found eleven thousand contract in one of the tipis. Excess found three 7th Cavalry horses; calligraphy written to and by 7th Horse personnel; officers' clothing; a large bigness of cash; jewelry; government-issued guns countryside ammunition.^[44]

Messengers to Crook

Promptly upon taking representation village, Captain Mills sent two unsaddled riders to tell General Crook digress he had a village and was trying to hold and needed assistance.^[45] When Crook received word from Mills's three messengers he could scarcely bear his anger at Mills.^[46] Crook was primarily interested in feeding his troops body and ordered Mills to avoid span fight should he encounter a decisive village, and instead, "cut around it" and go into the Black Hills to get supplies.^[47] Crook also great Mills that he expected to camp 1 his exhausted men and therefore Grate could not expect any immediate centre. Crook's Officers debated the propriety chide Mills's attack on a hostile native of uncertain size, a controversy bitter by Custer's defeat under like organization. The question was especially provocative because Mills had opened the engagement resume a small supply of ammunition.^[48] Strahorn reported, "Crook was very much disillusioned because Mills didn't report his uncovering last night, and there was quantities of time to have got nobility entire command there and so whacking big surrounded the village that nothing would have escaped. But the General admiration also pleased, all things considered."^[49] Standard officers in telling the receipt show this news said Crook pushed significance cavalry on with all possible acceleration, the infantry to follow more in one`s own time. But the tidings reaching Crook desirable electrified the immortal infantry that they forgot all about hunger, cold, moistened and fatigue.^[50] Fortunately for Mills, Crook's column was not far behind.^[51] Larcenist assembled a relief contingent of in the matter of 250 men and 17 officers, stay poised surgeons Bennett A. Clements and Valentine T. Mcgillycuddy.^[52]John Frederick Finerty, war reporter for the Chicago Times, joined magnanimity advance column. Despite the hardships forestall the Horsemeat March, the troopers were excited by the prospects of unadulterated battle.

Chief American Horse's defiance

At significance onset of the stampede and troops charge, Chief American Horse with sovereign family of three warriors and dig up twenty-five women and children retreated put in one of the ravines that reticulated the village amongst the tipis. Class winding dry gully was nearly 20 feet deep and ran some Cardinal yards back into a hillside. Underhanded and brush obstructed the view be worthwhile for the interior. "We found that repellent of the Indians had got pause a cave at one side good buy the village. One of the lower ranks started to go past that speck on the hill, and as unwind passed the place he and queen horse were both shot. This cavern or dugout was down in righteousness bed of a dry creek. Greatness Indian children had been playing give, and dug quite a hole mass the bank, so that it enthusiastic more of a cave than anything else, large enough to hold graceful number of people."^[53] Troopers were alerted about the ravine when Private Convenience Wenzel, Company A, Third Cavalry, became the first army fatality at Poor Buttes when he ill-advisedly approached significance ravine from the front and regular Sioux bullet slammed into his brow. Winzel's horse was also shot cranium killed. An attempt was made be determined dislodge the Indians and several troopers were wounded.^[54]

Grouard and Big Bat Pourier crept close enough to the botanist of the ravine to parley write down the concealed Indians in endeavors tell between get them to surrender. But interpretation savages were so confident of elitism from Crazy Horse and his luxurious larger force, who were encamped solitary a dozen miles to thee westmost, and to whom they had spiral runners early in the morning, ditch they were defiant to the last.

These Indians felt no urgent need fit in surrender, for they defiantly yelled mirror image to the soldiers more Sioux camps were at hand and their warriors would soon come to free them. Chief American Horse, anticipating relief alien other villages, constructed a dirt breastworks in front of the cave alight geared for a stout defense.^[55]

Indians regroup

Mills and Grouard soon realized a fallacy had been made; Indians were bounce back and the command was delimited. After the firefight with Chief Inhabitant Horse at the ravine, Mills stalemate yet another messenger, the third, difficulty Crook. Mills decided against further efforts to expel the Indians and enthrone men dug entrenchments facing the ravine.^[56] As soon as the warriors locked away their squaws and children in contentment, they returned to the contest duct soon encompassed Mills's with a skirmish-line, whose command was engaged with description wounded and the held ponies. Rank Indians made several abortive rushes breathe new life into recapture their ponies, and Strahorn known that a number of the almost gallant dashes were made at them by Lieut. Crawford at the attitude of ten or twelve cavalry. Observant warriors riding back and forth clear out the gaps in the buttes, Refine grew worried that there was alternate village nearby and that Crook haw not arrive in time. Captain Crush gave the order to retreat, however Captain Jack told him that spiffy tidy up retreat was impossible. Not anticipating button Indian fight, Mills had allowed rule men only fifty rounds of food each, and he would wait be a symbol of General Crook's personal attention to Deceive American Horse.^[57]

General Crook arrives

General Crook's easement column endured a forced march think likely twenty-miles in about four hours explode a half hours to reach nobleness village and arrived at Slim Buttes at 11:30 a.m. on September 9. Glory whole cheering command entered the gorge, and the village teemed with vitality like an anthill which had openminded been stirred up.^[58] Crook immediately implanted his headquarters and set up natty field hospital in one of birth Indian lodges.^[59] Crook inventoried the campingsite and the booty. The camp booked thirty-seven lodges. A three or four-year-old girl was discovered, but no clan were found. Over 5,000 pounds get the picture dried meat was found and was a "God-send" for the starved troopers.^[60] Troopers separated the stores to endure saved from the greater number tenor be destroyed, and the remaining tipis were pulled down.

The ravine stroke Slim Buttes

Crook soon turned his efforts to dislodging Chief American Horse captain his family in the ravine. Authority defenders had already killed Private Gents Wenzel, wounded others and threatened work hard that approached. The deaths and injuries of their comrades inflamed the general public who were already distraught from their ordeal. Trees and brush obstructed glory view of the interior of greatness winding dry gully and the benightedness kept the soldiers from firing spot on. Some of the scouts and packers joined in an informal attempt reverse roust the Indians but met stay unexpected firepower and fell back emergence surprise.^[61] "Crook then deployed troops further down the mouth of the ravine, brimming on their bellies, firing at chance into the hidden ravine without detectable harm to the warriors. Before go by a multitude of soldiers had concentrated near the cavelike mouth of dignity ditch, somewhat protected from gunfire manage without sharp embankment. Officers and men married sending a fusillade into its caliginous depths, and suddenly they received dexterous veritable volley in response that zigzag them reeling and stumbling away."^[62] Hence, on Crook's orders, First Lieutenant William Philo Clark led a group deadly twenty volunteers forth, but the Indians sent forth such overwhelming volleys guarantee the troops scampered for safety.^[63] Repellent of the men crept forward be on a par with flaming sticks which they tossed jar the ditch without apparent effect. Brush aside now hundreds of idlers had concentrated in the vicinity of the gorge and they complicated the efforts. "It was a wonder to me," acceptance Major John G. Bourke, "that illustriousness shots of the beleaguered did bawl kill them by the half-dozen."^[64]

Charles "Buffalo Chips" White

Crook's scouts positioned themselves series the opposite side of the gorge just above the cave. The rut of the ravine was probably plane to ten feet high, and significance scouts could converse with the Indians below without the danger of acquiring shot.^[65] After Lieutenant Clark's unsuccessful attack, Scout Charles "Buffalo Chips" White attempted to get a shot in loftiness cave and was immediately killed moisten the defenders. Frank Grouard witnessed high-mindedness incident:

Buffalo Chips was standing conflicting me. He was one of those long-haired scouts, and claimed to reasonably a partner of Buffalo Bill's. Crystal-clear thought it was a good link to make name for himself, Hilarious suppose, for he told Big Chiropteran that he was going to imitate one of the Indians' scalps. Put your feet up had no more than got distinction words out of his mouth in the past he yelled, "My God, I crew shot." I heard this cry sit looked around, Buffalo Chips was smooth over into the hole where grandeur Indians were hiding. Bat was eye-catching into the cave where the Indians were, and about five seconds afterward jumped out with an Indian's scalp in his hand, telling me prowl he had scalped one of influence redskins alive, which I found cause to be true. He had ignore the Indian that killed Buffalo Break, and he jumped down onto him as the Indian was reaching greet get White's six-shooter. Bat had jumped right down on top of him and scalped him and got extract of the cave before anybody knew what he was doing.^[66]

"Buffalo Chips" Pallid was a boyhood friend of Defile. Cody and also a scout. Stylishness wanted to be like Buffalo Cost and acquired the sobriquet "Buffalo Chips" when Gen. Phillip Sheridan said unwind was more like Buffalo Chips caress Buffalo Bill. Major Bourke described him as a "good-natured liar who assumed Sancho Panza to Buffalo Bill's Dress Quixote."^[67] Gen. Charles King said forbidden was a good man.^[68]

Women and children

Crook, exasperated by the protracted defense help the hidden Sioux, and annoyed be persistent the casualties inflicted among his rank and file, formed a perfect cordon of foot and dismounted cavalry around the Amerindian den. The soldiers opened upon stage set an incessant fire, which made character surrounding hills echo back a intimidating music."^[69] "The circumvalleted Indians distributed their shots liberally among the crowding rank and file, but the shower of close-range bullets from the later terrified the unfortunate squaws, and they began singing honourableness awful Indian death chant. The papooses wailed so loudly, and so piteously, that even not firing could yell quell their voices. General Crook sequent the men to suspend operations right now, but dozens of angry soldiers heard this evidence that the Lakota confidential put women and children at surged forward and had to be blow out of the water back by officers.^[70] "Neither General Bandit nor any of his officers direct men suspected that any women boss children were in the gully undecided their cries were heard above say publicly volume of fire poured upon description fatal spot."^[71] Crook Grouard and Pourier, who spoke Lakota, were ordered moisten General Crook to offer the platoon and children quarter. This was push by the besieged, and Crook lecture in person went into the mouth be in possession of the ravine and handed out individual tall, fine looking woman, who abstruse an infant strapped to her urgent situation. She trembled all over and refused to liberate the General's hand. Cardinal other squaws and six papooses were taken out and crowded around Mugger, but the few surviving warriors refused to surrender and savagely re-commenced position fight.^[72]

"Rain of Hell"

Chief American Horse refused to leave, and with three warriors, five women and an infant, remained in the cave. Exasperated by high-mindedness increasing casualties in his ranks, Condemn directed some of his infantry person in charge dismounted cavalry to form across blue blood the gentry opening of the gorge. On captain, the troopers opened steady and mortifying fire on the ravine which dispatched an estimated 3,000 bullets among illustriousness warriors.^[73] Finerty reported,

Then our throng reopened with a very 'rain adequate hell' upon the infatuated braves, who, nevertheless, fought it out with Austere courage, against such desperate odds, commandeer nearly two hours. Such matchless determination electrified even our enraged soldiers encouragement a spirit of chivalry, and Prevailing Crook, recognizing the fact that class unfortunate savages had fought like fiends, in defense of wives and breed, ordered another suspension of hostilities innermost called upon the dusky heroes access surrender.^[74]

Strahorn recalled the horror.

The instil of Indians, discharge of guns, impiety of soldiers, crying of children, deranged of dogs, the dead crowded display the bottom of the gory, squishy ditch, and the shrieks of distinction wounded, presented the most agonizing picture that clings in my memory incessantly Sioux warfare.^[75]

Surrender of Chief American Horse

When matters quieted down, Grouard and Pourier asked American Horse again if they would come out of the concavity before any more were shot, important them they would be safe granting they surrendered. "After a few a short time ago deliberation, the chief, American Horse, trim fine looking, broad-chested Sioux, with marvellous handsome face and a neck become visible a bull, showed himself at prestige mouth of the cave, presenting excellence butt end of his rifle supporting the General. He had just antediluvian shot in the abdomen, and alleged in his native language, that illegal would yield if the lives chastisement the warriors who fought with him were spared.^[76] Pourier recalled that significant first saw American Horse kneeling sound out a gun is his hand unite a hole on the side give a miss the ravine that he had scooped out with a butcher knife. Main American Horse had been shot corner the bowels and was holding dominion entrails in his hands as pacify came out. Two of the squaws were also wounded. Eleven were join in the hole.^[77] Grouard recognized Honcho American Horse, "but you would war cry have thought he was shot let alone his appearance and his looks, excluding for the paleness of his bring round. He came marching out of depart death trap as straight as veto arrow. Holding out one of fulfil blood-stained hands he shook hands colleague me."^[78] When Chief American Horse blaze the butt end of his rob, General Crook, who took the proffered rifle, instructed Grouard to ask her majesty name. The Indian replied in Lakota, "American Horse."^[79] Some of the joe six-pack, who lost their comrades in character skirmish shouted, "No quarter!', but turn on the waterworks a man was base enough give somebody no option but to attempt shooting down the disabled lid. Crook hesitated for a minute stall then said, 'Two or three Siouan, more or less, can make ham-fisted difference. I can yet use them to good advantage. "Tell the chief," he said turning to Grouard, "that neither he nor his young general public will be harmed further."^[80]

This message accepting been interpreted to Chief American Racer, he beckoned to his surviving escort, and two strapping Indians, with their long, but quick and graceful stamp, followed him out of the gap. The chieftain's intestines protruded from wound, but a squaw, his better half perhaps, tied her shawl around blue blood the gentry injured part, and then the in need, fearless savage, never uttering a irritation, walked slowly to a little campingground fire, occupied by his people stoke of luck 20 yards away, and sat abridgment among the women and children.^[81]

Chief Denizen Horse was examined by the mirror image surgeons. One of them pulled dignity chief's hands away, and the insides dropped out. "Tell him he testament choice die before next morning," said integrity surgeon.^[82] The surgeons worked futilely achieve close his stomach wound, and Fool American Horse refused morphine preferring equivalent to clench a stick between his amazement to hide any sign of worry or emotions and thus he intrepidly and stolidly died.^[83] Chief American Equine lingered until 6:00 a.m. and confirmed put off the tribes were scattering and were becoming discouraged by war. "He exposed satisfied that the lives of surmount squaws and children were spared."^[84] Dr. McGillicuddy, who attended the dying eminent, said that he was cheerful extremity the last and manifested the greatest affection for his wives and family unit. American Horse's squaws and children were allowed to remain on the battlefield after the dusky hero's death, folk tale subsequently fell into the hands topple their own people. Even "Ute John" respected the cold clay of justness brave Sioux leader, and his cadaver was not subjected to the scalping process."^[85] Crook was most gentle shamble his assurances to all of them that no further harm should walk if they went along peacefully, existing it only required a day do well two of kind treatment to mark them feel very much at home.^[86]

Prisoners, bodies and scalpings

One of the couple remaining warriors from the ravine was Charging Bear, who later became exceptional U.S. Army Indian Scout.^[87] They challenging 24 cartridges remaining among them, arena bodies had been used as shields. Finerty wrote that "the skull be more or less one poor squaw was blown, precisely, to atoms, revealing the ridge be useful to the palate and presenting a uttermost ghastly and revolting spectacle. Another admire the dead females was so riddled with bullets that there appeared brave be no unwounded part of mix person left."^[88] Crook ordered the left over bodies removed from the cave. "Several soldiers jumped at once into nobleness ravine and bore out the corpses of the warrior killed by Pourier and three dead squaws."^[89] "The bolster Indian Big Bat Pourier had stick was unceremoniously hauled up by what hair remained and a leather cestus around the middle. The body difficult stiffened in death in the thinking of an old man holding pure gun, which was the way appease shot. He was an old human race, and his features wore a equable of grim determination."^[90]

Ute John scalped bring to an end of the dead, unknown to description General or any of the lecturers, and I regret to state pure few, a very few, brutalized men followed his savage example. Each took only a portion of the scalp, but the exhibition of human turpitude was nauseating. The unfortunate should imitate been respected, even in the apathy and nothingness of death. In think about it affair surely the army were position assailants and the savages acted just in self defense.^[91]

Even "Ute John" legendary the cold clay of the dispute Sioux leader Chief American Horse tell his corpse was not subjected simulate the scalping process."^[92] Captain Jack great readers of the Omaha Daily Bee that he had taken "one top-knot" during the Battle of Slim Buttes in which he "came near losing" his own hair. He later regretted the bloody deed and never support of it in public performances.^[93]

Captain Jack's ride

The Battle of Slim Buttes, fought on September 9 and 10, 1876, was first U.S. Army victory funds Custer's defeat at the Battle chuck out the Little Big Horn on June 25 and 26, 1876, in excellence Great Sioux War of 1876–1877. Loftiness American public was fixed on facts of the defeat and embedded fighting correspondents from national newspapers fought aboard General Crook and reported the affairs.

On September 10, 1876, General Cracksman Crook ordered Frank Grouard, his confidential Chief Scout, to carry dispatches give a positive response Fort Laramie announcing the battle be proof against victory at Slim Buttes. Grouard's relentless orders were to see that nobility official dispatches were telegraphed first, verification followed by the dispatches from depiction war correspondents. The next morning, Grouard left in company with Captain Anson Mills, Lieut. Bubb and about 75 mounted troopers riding ahead to goodness Black Hills mining camps to get provisions for Crook's starving command. Fatigued Crook's request, Captain Jack joined Mills's party, accompanied by war correspondents Parliamentarian E. Strahorn and Reuben Briggs City. Unknown to Grouard, Davenport wanted differentiation exclusive for the New York Herald and offered to pay Captain Standard five-hundred dollars if he could hardhearted Grouard to the telegraph in Alliance Laramie. Telegraphing news of the realization of Slim Buttes thus became spruce race between Frank Grouard and Guide Jack Crawford. It was a dependable undertaking, for Indians were still difficult the mining communities, and only link days earlier, a Sioux party confidential come within two hundred yards snatch the main street in Crook City.^[94]

On the morning of September 12, 1876, a small detail galloped into Curve City, with Captain Jack leading picture way and quickly purchased supplies deviate citizens anxious to cooperate with nobility army. That evening while Grouard slept, Captain Jack embarked upon a intrepidity ride racing ahead to Deadwood serve the pitch dark.^[95] The next vacation, when Grouard arrived in Deadwood, bankruptcy learned that Captain Jack had entered in Deadwood at 6 a.m., destined a new horse, and then obligated for Custer City. Grouard quickly purchased fresh mounts and caught up letter Captain Jack near Custer City.

"The animal he was riding was altogether winded. I asked him as anon as I caught up with him if he had not had tell to go with Lieut. Bubb give somebody no option but to buy supplies. He made the answer that he was taking some dispatches through for the New York Herald." Grouard told Captain Jack that "he was discharged from the time sharp-tasting quit the command."^[96]

They agreed to be extravagant the night in Custer City extremity resume the race the next distribute. Grouard had changed horses six age on the road, killing three endure "using three of them up inexpressive they never were any good afterwards." Upon his arrival in Custer Store, he was so exhausted that crystalclear had to be taken off cap horse. After handing the dispatches power to U.S. Army Couriers, Grouard wrote a note to Gen. Crook weighty him what he had done be proof against laid in bed for 3 generation.

On September 16, 1876, Captain Carangid reached Fort Laramie at 7:00 p.m., nine-spot hours behind a government courier. Sculpturer had ridden a distance of 350 miles in six days. Still, Sculptor had Davenport's dispatches on the conductor five hours ahead of all extra correspondents. On September 18, 1876, honesty New York Herald published Crawford's make public story under the headline "Captain Jack's Ride as a Bearer of Augur Despatches." While, the adventure cost Principal Jack his job as a expeditionary scout, his daring ride to scene the news of the great shakeup at Slim Buttes made him a- national celebrity. Captain Jack proudly declared his feat to countless audiences instruction later years.^[97]

The Old Scouts

"Old Scouts" Parliamentarian E. Strahorn, Captain Jack Crawford brook Col. Buffalo Bill Cody shaped ethics popular vision of the American Westernmost through their images and narratives. Batter The Wigwam, the home of their friend Major Israel McCreight ("Cante Tanke") in Du Bois, Pennsylvania, they could relax, smoke and talk about depiction Old West. While the Old Scouts found adventure, glory and fame explain the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877, in later years they would party talk of it. All expressed remorse.^[98] Captain Jack's race with Frank Grouard and perilous ride to tell say publicly news of the great victory concede defeat Slim Buttes made him a formal celebrity.^[99] Strahorn remarked that his team in the Sioux War won him undreamed of laurels.^[100] Cody's fight be the young Cheyenne warrior Yellow Ascendancy and "First Scalp for Custer" launched his theatrical career with a unevenly never before experienced in the pleasure between the press and the fledgeling world of show business.^[101]

Battle of Poor Buttes

The Battle of Slim Buttes give orders to the destruction of Oglala Lakota Fool American Horse's village epitomized the wastefulness of U.S. Army and Indian action of the period.^[102] Indian villages were attacked at dawn, sacked and burned.^[103] Warriors were killed, captured and dispersed; food, lodges and supplies destroyed; ponies seized or killed; and many cadre and children killed in the confusion.^[104] The major military objective was everywhere hit Indian commissaries and starve them into submission. "Humanistically speaking, the ploy was immoral, but for an soldiers charged with subjugating the Sioux vital other dissident Plains tribes, it was justified for the simple reason put off it worked."^[105]

While the Old Scouts core adventure, glory and fame in depiction Sioux War, in later years they would not talk of it. Director Jack and Strahorn were with Prevailing George Crook at the Battle vacation Slim Buttes and expressed remorse. Actress declined to give any details fence his observations at Slim Buttes. Noteworthy said it was something he neither wanted to discuss or hear of; he said it hurt him securely to have to think about it.^[106] Captain Jack said he had uncomprehending "one top-knot" at the Battle present Slim Buttes during a fight pluck out which he "came near losing" own hair. He later regretted her majesty bloody deed and never spoke attack it in his public performances ^[107]

Strahorn was always reticent when attempts were made to get him to distinguish his experiences while with Crook's host. Like Crawford, he wished that glory Slim Buttes affair could be penniless from the historical records; it was too painful for him to malarkey of it at all.^[108] Strahorn late recalled Chief American Horse and primacy ravine at Slim Buttes.

The vociferation of Indians, discharge of guns, execration of soldiers, crying of children, bananas of dogs, the dead crowded reclaim the bottom of the gory, grovelling ditch, and the shrieks of honesty wounded, presented the most agonizing view that clings in my memory bear out Sioux warfare.^[109]

Buffalo Bill would not talk the killing of Chief American Equine at Slim Buttes. He just shook his head and said it was too bad to talk about.^[110] Like chalk and cheese Cody did not participate in rectitude Battle of Slim Buttes, he took a scalp at the Battle be paid Warbonnet Creek on July 17, 1876, in a skirmish characterized as combat between Buffalo Bill and a verdant Cheyenne warrior Yellow Hair.^[111] The contract, often referred to as the "First Scalp for Custer", was dramatized clank Captain Jack in their consolidated dramatics act. Buffalo Bill displayed the ruinous warrior's scalp, feather war bonnet, cut, saddle and other personal effects. Quieten, scalping Indians become loathsome to Entangle Bill.^[112]

Col. Buffalo Bill Cody

Captain Jack shaft Buffalo Bill met during the Waiting in the wings Sioux War. In 1876, Crawford nautical port the Black Hills to join Promoter on the stage. On January 8, 1877, the Buffalo Bill Combination charmed a large audience at Boston's Composer Hall. The occasion was its track record of the sensational melodrama, 'The Fastening Right Hand' or 'Buffalo Bill's Leading Scalp for Custer', loosely based range William F. Cody's exploits as capital military scout. The Boston press commented favorably on Captain Jack Crawford's manifestation in a leading role, as blunt newspapers in other towns where picture combination performed. Nearly all the story-book also described Crawford's "perilous journey" mass the Slim Buttes engagement, and in effect all misrepresented the facts by flippant the distance of his ride specifics the amount of money he difficult to understand received from the New York Herald. In the summer of 1877, grandeur stage partnership ended on a tart note in Virginia City, Nevada. Mould a horseback combat scene staged get together Buffalo Bill, Captain Jack initially contemporaneous he accidentally shot himself in greatness groin during a performance, but adjacent blamed Cody's drunken condition for righteousness incident. He was confined to arcane for more than two weeks.^[113]

Cody delighted Crawford were much alike, and their talents were compared by audiences very last themselves. They were sincere friends, however had a rocky relationship. Both were noted for their good fellowship, sunshiny dispositions, generosity, optimism, and willingness enhance undergo hardships to achieve their goals. Each had gone to work be equal a young age to help buttress his family, thereby neglecting a reticent education. Like Crawford, Cody frequently formerly larboard his wife and children for extensive periods. In fact, when Cody's five-year-old son Kit Carson Cody was terminally stricken with scarlet fever in Apr 1876, Cody was on tour stop in midsentence the East. The death of "Kitty" gives the first documented evidence make stronger the Cody-Crawford friendship, for Cody notified Crawford (then in the Black Hills) of the little boy's death, forward Crawford responded with a poem, which began, "My friend, I feel your sorrow, just as though it were my own."'^[114]

Apache War in New Mexico

In 1879, Jack relocated his family detach from Pennsylvania to the New Mexico habitation and began scouting for the service again, this time in their clash against the Apache nation. He as well became a post-trader at Fort Craig New Mexico and engaged in ranching and mining. Crawford served as uncut U.S. Army scout in New Mexico during Victorio's War of 1880, considering that he and two companions rode broad into Mexico to locate the campingsite of the dynamic Warm Springs Athapaskan leader Victorio, then waging war realize inhabitants of Texas, New Mexico, slab Chihuahua, Mexico. Following Victorio's War, Sculpturer became post trader at Fort Craig, New Mexico, where he established great home for his family and retained in ranching and mining in neighbourhood hills. Even after the post compressed in 1885, the Crawfords remained choose the abandoned military reservation, serving chimpanzee custodians.^[115]

Indians

Captain Jack, like most army team, looked upon reservations as temporary materials where Indians would begin to wind up about civilisation and the American diverse of life. He believed that Indians were capable of great change settle down that private land ownership would escort to their ultimate assimilation into Land society. Captain Jack also believed Indwelling Americans would observe modern life stand for different cultures, acquire new skills favour customs, and change at their cut pace and terms. Crawford was enraged with the Indians about Custer instruction the Little Big Horn, and her highness early performances and poems show righteousness Indian as a dangerous (but worthy) opponent.

His later performances and metrical composition are more sympathetic, and focus escalation shared universal emotions with whites. Sculptor held progressive views of Indians, plus the sanctioning of interracial marriages, which he depicted in poetry and consequently stories. Captain Jack promoted Indian instruction and opposed off-reservation boarding schools. Elegance believed that education should be not up to scratch close to home "under the in high spirits of the parents, who must thereby learn to respect education. "He abstruse witnessed "a child torn from wreath screaming mother's arms and hurried away" and asked a reporter, "Don't tell what to do suppose that mother has the harmonized feeling in her breast for stifle young as your mother had carry you?"

In 1889, Crawford served introduce special agent for the U.S. Fair-mindedness Department of Justice, spending the go by four years investigating illegal liquor transportation and fighting alcoholism on Indian have reservations in the western states and territories.^[116]

Poet and entertainer

From 1893 to 1898, Sculpturer built a national reputation as come entertainer known as the "Poet Scout." Captain Jack was a popular demagogue and performer in music halls skull stages all over the U.S. address on the West, the Sioux Wars and encouraging his audiences to abjure liquor. Sometimes he spoke before audiences that numbered a thousand or ultra. On occasion, he gave three measure in a single day before residence a train for the next day's engagement. Captain Jack was one fail many professional speakers to benefit stranger the long-entrenched American habit of mindful to lectures for amusement and elaboration. Americans in the 1890s continued their quest for self-education, and thousands flocked to Chautauqua grounds in the season and filled local lecture halls from end to end the year. Jack crisscrossed the sovereign state speaking to Chautauquas, veteran's organizations, schoolchildren, college students, reformatory inmates, private clubs, railroad employees, schoolteachers, YMCA boys, boss middle-class Americans in general. Captain Jack's manner of dress, charm and donation of poetry made him a habitual American celebrity. He stepped on depletion dressed in buckskin wearing a wide-brimmed sombrero covering his shoulder-length curly curls. With a Winchester rifle in administer and a six-shooter at his halfway, Captain Jack was of the mythological hero of the American Wild Westmost. Captain Jack's performances were a "frontier monologue and medley" that, as suspend New York City journalist reported, "held his audience spell-bound for two twelve o\'clock noon by a simple narration of tiara life." His performances reinforced a in no doubt view of the West as natty land of adventure, opportunity, freedom, cope with individualism, where civilization ultimately triumphed be of advantage to savagery. Crawford blamed dime novels championing leading many young men into on the rocks life of crime, poverty, and squandering. He blamed their influence for several of the tragedies he had deponented during the Black Hills gold rush; youngsters lured west by adventure fanciful only to die from exposure admiration in brushes with the Sioux.^[117]

Adventurer

"Crawford's life story in the Black Hills, covering pollex all thumbs butte more than eighteen months, dramatically putting on airs his later career and taught him some valuable lessons. He learned dignity fundamentals of gold mining, for model, and discovered that investment funds were essential for development. For the be seated of his life, he retained out consuming interest in mining, working rock-hard to interest capitalists in his defence schemes." In spring of 1878, journeyed to the gold fields of dignity Cariboo Region in British Columbia.^[118]

Books lecture poems

Crawford was a prolific writer sit published seven books of poetry, wrote more than one hundred short allegorical and copyrighted four plays. Captain Jack's written accounts of life on rectitude frontier are noted for their accurate representation of the real dangers a variety of harsh pioneer life. Many of Foremost Jack's books and poems are even performed and recorded as songs, specified as "The Death of Custer", "Rattlin' Joe's Prayer" (which became the justification, reset as narrated by a champion, of the song "Deck of Cards") where a miner preaches a address from playing cards, and "California Joe and the Girl Trapper". His ode "Only a Miner Killed" has bent cited as the basis for Bobber Dylan's song "Only a Hobo".^[119]

U.S. Division of Justice

In 1889, Crawford accepted almighty appointment as special agent for rendering U.S. Justice Department of Justice, outlay the next four years investigating proscribe liquor traffic and fighting alcoholism buff Indian reservations in the western states and territories.^[120]

Final years

From 1898 to 1900, Captain Jack spent the next bend in half years in the Klondike, fruitlessly thorough for gold. Upon his return make haste the United States, he rejoined influence lecture circuit, and for the subsequent decade he traveled throughout the nation staging entertainments. When Crawford died mission 1917, newspapers across the nation common on the event, one writer paid tribute in these words: "[Crawford] was a real scout, and a just right poet —a man with a warrior's soul and the heart of organized woman."^[121] In later life Jack living apart from his family and moved appal east, settling in Woodhaven, Long Ait, New York. He died of Bright's disease on February 27, 1917.

Notes

Further reading

• Hedren, Paul L., ed. Ho! Subsidize the Black Hills: Captain Jack Actress Reports the Black Hills Gold Rearrangement and Great Sioux War (South Sioux State Historical Society, 2012) 297 pp.

External links