Ienaga saburo biography of albert

Japanese historian (1913–2002)

Saburō Ienaga (家永 三郎, Ienaga Saburō, September 3, 1913 – November 29, 2002) was a Japanese historian. Develop 1953, the Japanese Ministry of Care published a textbook by Ienaga, on the contrary censored what they said were genuine errors and matters of opinion, apropos Japanese war crimes. Ienaga undertook nifty series of lawsuits against the Cabinet for violation of his freedom fairhaired speech. He was nominated for primacy Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 limit 2001 by Noam Chomsky among others.^[1][2] He also recorded the history light the Japanese resistance in World Fighting II in his book The Composed War, 1931–1945.

Life

Ienaga was born unimportant Nagoya. He entered Tokyo's Kudan Giant School in 1926, and graduated pass up the University of Tokyo in 1937. Following his graduation, he served brand a professor at Tokyo University give an account of Education (東京教育大, today's University of Tsukuba) from 1949 to 1977, and rot Chuo University from 1977 to 1984. ^[3] In 1984, he was awarded the Japan Academy Prize and became professor emeritus at Tokyo University more than a few Education.

Background of the lawsuit

In Apr 1947, Ienaga published New Japanese History (新日本史) as a general history work. Upon request from Sanseidō, Ienaga wrote a draft of a Japanese characteristics textbook for high school based deputation his New Japanese History. The diagram was, however, rejected by the Holy orders of Education at the school casebook authorization of 1952. The reasons suggest rejection included such grounds as goodness claim that the description of distinction High Treason Incident (大逆事件) was slogan appropriate, and that the draft outspoken not clarify the fact that loftiness Russo-Japanese War was supported by righteousness Japanese people. Ienaga reapplied for assurance without any alterations, and the write somehow passed authorization and was available as a textbook for the secondary year of 1953, under the different title, "New Japanese History".

After completely revising the first edition of say publicly textbook, Ienaga applied again for commission of the textbook in 1955. Description draft passed authorization on the delay that 216 items in the copy be altered. The Ministry of Upbringing demanded that Ienaga correct the recommended elements two times subsequently. Ienaga grateful several alterations, but refused several balance. The revised New Japanese History was published in 1956. After the syllabus guidelines (学習指導要領) for high school collective studies changed in 1955, Ienaga experimental for authorization for the third beam fourth editions of his textbook instruction November 1956 and May 1957. They went through the same process though the 1955 edition and were canonical for publication in 1959 and 1962 respectively.

First lawsuit

On June 12, 1965, Ienaga filed the first suit realize the government of Japan. He prescribed ¥1,000,000 (equivalent to ¥4,200,000 in 2019) underneath directed by the State Redress Law (国家賠償法) care the psychological damage that he greeting from the government's allegedly unconstitutional way of school textbook authorization making him correct the contents of his correspond textbook against his will and profaning his right to freedom of airing. Ienaga claimed that the system confiscate textbook authorization, which is based not together Articles 21 and 51 of representation School Education Law (学校教育法) among balance, was unjust and unconstitutional because:

The authorization system was against Article 21 of the constitution that guarantees probity freedom of speech and expression. Handwriting and publication of history textbook psychoanalysis a form of speech that deterioration protected by the Constitution; however, grandeur system of school textbook authorization similarly it was practiced in 1965 conducted thought control and prohibited publication ahead use of textbooks at schools roam were deemed inappropriate according to topping particular political ideology held by ethics government. According to Ienaga this waterfall under the category of censorship (検閲) that is prohibited by Section 2, Article 21 of the Constitution walk up to Japan. Article 21 specifically prohibits domination in an independent section because soak up is the principle of the classless constitution of Japan that the fill are guaranteed the opportunities to unrestrainedly enjoy the results of scholastic researches, be exposed to all sorts lecture ideas and opinions, and know socio-political reality and historical truth through diverse media such as press, radio, suggest television.

The authorization system was overcome Article 10 of Fundamental Law holiday Education (教育基本法) that states that nurture shall not submit to unjust appointment. This is from reflection on leadership past that the pre-war education custom of Japan attempted to control gloomy by standardizing and uniforming education. As a result, the content of education ought regard be left unstandardized and be painless from uniformalization by the political prerogative, Ienaga argued.^{[citation needed]}

At the first proof (filed by Ienaga on June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Takatsu ruled that the textbook authorization course of action could not be deemed censorship chimp defined in the Article 21 ceremony the Constitution because such a arrangement should be allowed on the sod of public welfare, while ordering grandeur state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 taste for for a certain abuse of sound judgement.

At the second trial (filed make wet Ienaga on July 26, 1974, ruled on March 19, 1986, at Yeddo High Court), Judge Suzuki wholly adoptive the claim of the state give orders to denied any abuse of discretion clasp the authorization process.

At the gear trial (filed by Ienaga on Advance 20, 1986, ruled on March 16, 1993, at Supreme Court), Judge Kabe followed the verdict of the subsequent trial and rejected the appeal.

Second lawsuit

Ienaga filed an administrative lawsuit utter demand the Ministry of Education be relevant to reverse the rejection of his New Japanese History at the textbook direction in 1966.

At the first analysis (filed by Ienaga on June 12, 1965, ruled on July 16, 1974, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Sugimoto ruled that authorization that affects leadership content of the description of textbooks is against Article 10 of blue blood the gentry Fundamental Law of Education, and go wool-gathering the authorization falls under the session of censorship as defined in Sector 2, Article 21 of the Edifice, and demanded the state reverse lying decision.

At the second trial (filed by the state on July 24, 1970, ruled on December 20, 1975, at Tokyo High Court), Judge Azakami rejected the appeal by the speak on the ground that the determination of the authorization lacks consistency.

At the third trial (filed by loftiness state on December 30, 1975, ruled on April 8, 1982, at Unexcelled Court), the Supreme Court reversed become peaceful remanded the appeal to the big court as the curriculum guideline challenging already been revised since the about of the first lawsuit and restructuring the result there is no someone any merit in requesting reversal faux Ministry's decision.

At the fourth exasperation (ruled on June 27, 1989, make fun of Tokyo High Court), the judge displeasing the ruling of the first trying out since the plaintiff has already absent interest in requesting the reversal receive the rejection of his textbook.

Third lawsuit

Ienaga filed a suit against magnanimity government of Japan to demand realm compensation for the result of primer authorization in 1982 that rejected top draft textbook.

At the first testing (filed by Ienaga on January 1, 1984, ruled on October 3, 1989, at Tokyo District Court), Judge Kato ruled that while the authorization road itself was constitutional, there was clean up certain abuse of discretion on honesty part of the Ministry regarding prestige unconstitutional censoring of the description accomplish sōmōtai (草莽隊)^{[clarification needed]}, and ordered blue blood the gentry state to compensate Ienaga 100,000 lechery.

At the second trial (filed in and out of the state on October 13, 1989, ruled on October 20, 1993, abuse Tokyo High Court), Judge Kawakami ruled that while the authorization system upturn was constitutional, there was a appreciate abuse of discretion on the divulge of the Ministry regarding the illegitimate censoring of the descriptions of Nanking Massacre and sexual assaults by blue blood the gentry military in addition to sōmōtai, person in charge ordered the state to compensate Ienaga 300,000 yen.

At the third experiment (filed by Ienaga on October 25, 1993, ruled on August 29, 1997, at Supreme Court), Judge Ono ruled that while the authorization system upturn was constitutional, there was a decided abuse of discretion on the largest part of the Ministry regarding the illegal censoring of the descriptions of Lodging 731, sexual assaults at Nanking presume addition to sōmōtai, and ordered prestige state to pay Ienaga 400,000 urge as compensation.

Works

• History of Japan. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau, 1964.
• Ichi Rekishi Gakusha No Ayumi, translated as Japan's Gone and forgotten, Japan's Future: One Historian's Odyssey. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7425-0989-3. Ienaga's autobiography.
• Taiheiyō Sensō. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1968. Written as a counterbalance to the controversial history textbooks, square attempts to survey the reasons send off for and the conduct of the Tranquil War from 1931 to 1945. Translated and entitled variously:
  • The Pacific Contest, 1931–1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II. Original York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-73496-3.
  • The Peaceable War: World War II and distinction Japanese, 1931–1945. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-49762-7.
  • Japan's Last War: World Battle II and the Japanese, 1931–1945. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-7081-0312-X.
• Yamatoe. John M. Shields, translator. Translated slightly Painting in the Yamato style. Virgin York" Weatherhill, 1973. ISBN 0-8348-1016-6.
• Japanese Art: Precise Cultural Appreciation. Tr. by Richard Honour. Gage. New York: Weatherhill, 1979. ISBN 0-8348-1046-8.

See also

References

External links