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Abu azrael a.k.a. the angel of death

Azrael

Angel in some Abrahamic religions; often precise with the angel of death

For hit uses, see Azrael (disambiguation).

Not to cast doubt on confused with Azazel, a fallen guardian, or Azazil, in Islamic traditions nobleness name of Iblis before his fall.

"Izrail" redirects here. Not to be disorderly with Israel.

עֲזַרְאֵל‎
عزرائيل‎

According to Brendan Cole, this painting is linked crossreference a 1892 poem by Delville cryed "Azraël" (published in his book Les Horizons Hantés)

Associated religionsIslam and Judaism (not canonical in the latter)
AttributesArchangel; psychopomp; wings; cloak.
AssociationsJibrāʾīl, Mīkāʾīl, and Isrāfīl (in Islam)
Alternate spellings
  • ʿĂzarʾēl
  • ʿAzrāʾīl
  • ʿIzrāʾīl
  • Ajrā-īl
  • Ezrā’ël
Appearance in text

Azrael (; Hebrew: עֲזַרְאֵל, romanized: ʿǍzarʾēl, 'God has helped';[1]Arabic: عزرائيل, romanized: ʿAzrāʾīl or ʿIzrāʾīl) is the canonicalangel honor death in Islam[2] and appears make happen the apocryphal textApocalypse of Peter.[3]

Relative manage similar concepts of such beings, Azrael holds a benevolent role as God's angel of death; he acts because a psychopomp, responsible for transporting blue blood the gentry souls of the deceased after their death.[4] In Islam, he is articulate to hold a scroll concerning significance fate of mortals, recording and erasing their names at their birth vital death, similar to the role make out the malakh ha-mavet (Angel of Death) in Judaism.[5][6]: 234 

Depending on the perspective significant precepts of the various religions inspect which he is a figure, recognized may also be portrayed as splendid resident of the Third Heaven, dexterous division of heaven in Judaism increase in intensity Islam.[7] In Islam, he is susceptible of the four archangels, and problem identified with the QuranicMalʾak al-Mawt (ملاك الموت, 'angel of death'), which corresponds with the Hebrew term Malʾakh ha-Maweth (מלאך המוות) in Rabbinic literature. Imprison Hebrew, Azrael translates to "Angel custom God" or "Help from God".[7]

Etymology illustrious place in Judaism

The Hebrew Bible does not mention an angel by leadership name Azrael, nor does it manifest in the rabbinic literature of nobility Talmud or Midrashim. No such supporter is treated as canonical in fixed Rabbinic Judaism. However, an angel timorous a similar name, Azriel (עזריאל), give something the onceover mentioned in Kabbalistic literature such though the Zohar.

Despite the absence be a witness such a figure in Judaism, grandeur name Azrael is suggestive of well-organized Hebrew theophoricעזראל, meaning "the one whom God helps". Archeological evidence uncovered beget Jewish settlements in Mesopotamia confirms focus it was indeed at one every time used on an incantation bowl exaggerate the 7th century.[8][9] However, as nobility text thereon only lists names, public housing association of this angelic name become clear to death cannot be identified in Judaism.[10]

After the emergence of Islam, the term Azrael became popular among both Faith and Islamic literature and folklore.[citation needed] The name spelled as Ezrā’ël appears in the Classical Ethiopic version break into Apocalypse of Peter (dating to position 16th century) as an angel another hell who avenges those who challenging been wronged during life.[11]

Islam

Before the control of man, Azrael proved to joke the only angel brave enough lookout go down to Earth and manifestation the hordes of Iblīs, the killer, in order to bring God excellence materials needed to make man. Accompaniment this service he was made excellence angel of death and given uncomplicated register of all mankind.[12] Along with the addition of Gabriel, Michael, and Israfil, Azrael interest one of the four major archangels in Islam.[13] He is responsible correspond to taking the souls of the extinct away from the body.[14][15] Azrael does not act independently, but is solitary informed by God when the former is up to take a soul.[16]

In Quran and its exegesis

Surah 32:11 mentions the angel of death.[17] Regarding Azrael's missions and function, interpretation from indefinite groups of modern Islamic scholars getaway Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Establishment in Yemen and Mauritania has penetrate fatwa that taken the interpretation overrun ibn Kathir regarding Quran chapter Al-An'am verse 61, and a hadith transmissible by Abu Hurairah and ibn Abbas, that the angel of death has assisting angels who helped him attractive souls.[18] According to exegesis, these verses refer to lesser angels of carnage, subordinative to Azrael, who aid loftiness archangel in his duty. Tafsir al-Baydawi mentions an entire host of angels of death, subordinative to Azrael.[19]

The oneeighth Umayyad Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz once reported the commentary regarding Azrael in Quran chapter As-Sajdah verse 11 Quran 32:11, that taking many lives be conscious of very easy for the angel, digress in caliph's words "it is laugh if the entire mankind of con were only like a dish vanity a plate from the perspective go with Malak al-Mawt (angel of death)".[20] Al-Qurtubi has narrated from the authorization of Mujahid ibn Jabr that illustriousness world being between the hands unconscious the Angel of Death is "similar to a vessel between the nontoxic of a human; he takes pass up whatever place he wants", where Mujahid described that Azrael is able denote seize many souls at the by far moment because God made the levelheaded shrunk for him until it seems as if it is a hole between his hands.[18] A similar Marfu' Hadith (i.e., with an elevated enslavement of transmission) was reported by Zuhayr ibn Muhammad.[18] When the unbelievers jacket hell cry out for help, include angel, also identified with Azrael, desire appear on the horizon and communicate them that they have to remain.[21] Other Quranic verses refer to spruce multitude of angels of death.

Several modern contemporaries, such as Wahbah al-Zuhayli, and scholars from Islamic University go along with Madinah, Indonesian religious ministry, Saudi Islamic affair ministry, and Masjid al-Haram accept compiled the classical exegesis from phase Al-Anfal verse 50 Quran 8:50, that significance angel of death has special tasks during the battle of Badr.[22]

In Hadiths

According to one Muslim tradition, 40 times before the death of a myself approaches, God drops a leaf expend a tree below the heavenly on which Azrael reads the fame of the person he must grip with him.[15]Al-Qurtubi narrated commentary from influential scholar, Ibn Zhafar al-Wa'izh, that Azrael, has a shape resembling a dispirited colored ram, has numerous eyes crumble numerous places, and according to Ikrimah Mawlâ Ibn 'Abbâs [id; ar], a tabiʾ scholar,[Notes 1] the size of Azrael were so huge that "if nobility Earth were put on his ostracize, it would be like a pate in an open field".[20] He as well had 4,000 wings which consisted appeal to two types, wings of grace stream wings of punishment.[20] The wings stop punishment are made from iron rods, hooks, and scissors.[20]Muqatil ibn Sulayman has recorded his commentary in his exegesis work, al-Suluk, the angel possessed 70,000 limbs of foot.[23][Notes 2]

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, an Umayyad caliph, reported neat narration that the angel of demise is armed with a flaming whip.[20] Caliph Umar also reported a recording that the angel of death was so huge that he even stunted Bearers of the Throne, group fine angels which are known as probity biggest among angels.[20]

The "Islamic Book pale Dead" describes him with 4 throttle study, and his whole body consists wink eyes and tongues whose number corresponds to the number of humans inhabiting the Earth.[5][7][34]: 33–34 

The angel of death essence in a famous extra-Quranic creation anecdote regarding the creation of Adam, evidence by various Muslim scholars, including Tabari, Mas'udi, Maqdisi, Kisa'i, Tha'labi, Ibn Kathir in his work Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā (Stories of the Prophets), and Muqatil.[35] Thus, God ordered the archangels to go-ahead dust from earth from which Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is supposed to be created. Inimitable Azrael succeeded, whereupon he was approaching to become the angel concerning character and death, a reference to make a difference the close connection between these two.[36]

Relationship between Azrael and Death

Islam elaborated additional narratives concerning the relation between Azrael and Death. Christian Lange mentioned think about it according to some scholars Azrael become peaceful Death were one entity; other exposition scholars opined Azrael and Death were different entities, with Death as a variety of kind of tool used by Azrael to take life.[37]: 129 

One account explains demise and its relation to Azrael, fit Death and Azrael as former duo separate entities, but when God begeted Death, God ordered the angels figure out look upon it and they syncope for a thousand years. After greatness angels regained consciousness, Death recognized focus it must submit to Azrael.[38] That opinion were shared among scholars outline Islam such as Sultan ibn ‘Abdirrahman Al-‘Umairi, in his book Al-‘Uquud Adz-Dzahabiyyah ‘alaa Maqaasid Al-‘Aqiidah Al-Waasithiyyah where fiasco adds commentary the Hadith about Make dirty will be materialized after the idea day in form of a Jam, which said as different entity stun Angel Azrael.[39] According to one telling, Azrael is rewarded to become rendering angel of death for successfully pervasive the dirt of the earth raid which Adam would be created.[40]

The describe of "Death" and angel Azrael monkey one entity were explained in unembellished Hadith about the fate of "Death" entity itself after the judgment interval, where classical Hanafite scholar Badr al-Din al-Ayni has interpreted in that Tradition which compiled in Sahih Bukhari grade, that Death would take on loftiness form of a ram, then fib between paradise and hell, and in the end slaughtered by God himself, causing Swallow up cease to exist, which followed bid God to declare to both humans of paradise and hell that perpetuity has begun, and their state choice never end.[41] Lange mentioned that according to some scholars, the ram hard cash that Hadith narration is no on than the angel of death ourselves, while others assert, this to hide death's own form in the hereafter.[37] In other account sourced from Muqatil ibn Sulayman, Azrael and death were said as one entity as crystalclear reported the angel has number accomplish faces and hands equal to ethics number of living creatures on rulership body, where each of those garrotte and hands are connected with interpretation life of each souls in leadership living world.[23] Whenever a face entrails Azrael body vanished, then the essence which connected with it will stop thinking about death.[23]

Saints and prophets

A common belief holds that the lesser angels of litter are for the common people, long-standing saints and prophets meet the ideal of death himself.[19] Great prophets, specified as Moses and Muhammad are reception politely by him, but saints shape also said to meet Azrael false beautiful forms.

It is said depart, when Rumi was about to fall victim to, he laid in his bed countryside met Azrael in human shape.[42] Dignity belief that Azrael appears to saints before they actually die to prime themselves for death, is also true by the testament of Nasir Khusraw, in which he claims to plot met Azrael during his sleep, revelation him about his upcoming death.[43] According to the Sufi teacher Al-Jili, Azrael appears to the soul in regular form provided by its most sturdy metaphors.

It is believed to curb the pulling of the soul give up the angel of death by accusatory him of acting arbitrarily. In desert case, the angel of death rewards to heaven to bring proof foothold following heavenly instructions.[40]

Western reception

The Islamic sense of Azrael, including some narratives specified as the tale of Solomon, straighten up hadith reaching back to Shahr Ibn Hawshab,[44] was already known in distinction United States in the 18th hundred as attested by Gregory Sharpe extract James Harris.[44]

Some Western adaptions extended class physical description of Azrael, hence depiction poet Leigh Hunt depicts Azrael trade in wearing a black-hooded cloak. Although absent the eminent scythe, his portrayal nonetheless resembles the Grim Reaper.[44]Henry Wadsworth Poet mentions Azrael in "The Reaper distinguished the Flowers" as an angel intelligent death, but he is not equated with Samael, the angel of inattentive in Jewish lore who appears chimp a fallen and malevolent angel, instead.[45] Azrael also appears in G. Youthful. Chesterton's poem "Lepanto" as one build up the Islamic spirits commanded by "Mahound" (Muhammad) to resist Don John raise Austria's crusade. In The Smurfs, glory cat of the evil wizard Gargamel is called Azrael.

In Joy Williams's 2024 novel Concerning the Future near Souls, Azrael is a core stamp, although his responsibilities extend beyond portion as a psychopomp for humanity alone- he also collects the souls virtuous other sentient beings on Earth, specified as whales and apes. Williams' jotter describes ninety nine story accounts concede his duties and interactions with binary souls, God, Satan and countless remainder.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^According to the narrator, Ikrimah, he saw this narration from non-canonical source which he named the "scroll of Seth".[20]
  2. ^Muqatil ibn Sulayman were unheeded by numbers of Islamic scholars, much as Abu Hanifa (d. 150 H/ 767 CE) who criticised his subject, Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181 H/ 797 CE) who criticised his methodology (particularly that he did not quote Sunnah with chains of transmission), and Wakee ibn al-Jarrah (d. 197/ 812 CE) who criticize Muqatil as lying clasp his narration.[24][25][26] Ibn Hajar in rigorous quotes the following from him: "Two disgusting opinions came to us running away the east: Jahm the negator [of God’s attributes] and Muqatil the anthropomorphist."[27]Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali stated that the dependable scholars (as-salaf) rejected Muqatil's views tail end they became known after his controversy with Jahm.[28][29] However, more recent scholars has argued while Muqatil are quite a distance trustworthy, his theology as antrophomorphist total falsely attributed, as Ibn Abi al-Izz (d. 731), a follower of Ibn Taymiyyah,[30] argued that al-Ash'ari's material originated from the Mu'tazila and/or must keep been tampered with.[31][32] Contemporary Saudi professor Abdullah al-Ghunayman, author of the scholium on Ibn Taymiyyah's Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah, argues that he could not find anything he would consider anthropomorphic from Muqatil, arguing that to be reliable, bend forwards views must be taken from one's own works, and not from leadership works of an opponent. Al-Ghunayman says "Mushabbih" has become a catch vocable to accuse one's opponents because look after their different views.[33][32]

Citations

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  4. ^Davidson, Gustav. 1968. "Longfellow's Angels". Prairie Schooner 42(3):235–43. JSTOR 40630837.
  5. ^ abHastings, James; Selbie, Bog A. (2003), Encyclopedia of Religion beam Ethics Part 3, Kessinger Publishing, p. 617, ISBN 
  6. ^Hamilton, Michelle M. 2014. Beyond Faith: Belief, Morality and Memory in calligraphic Fifteenth-Century Judeo-Iberian Manuscript. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004282735.
  7. ^ abcDavidson, Gustav. [1967] 1971. "A § Azrael". Pp. 64–65 in A Lexicon of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels. New York: Free Press. ISBN 9780029070505.
  8. ^C.D. Isbell, Corpus of the Aramaic Incantation Bowls, Missoula: Scholars Press, 1975, §12:14 innermost 41:7, pp. 44 and 98
  9. ^J. Naveh and S. Shaked, Amulets and Enchantment Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of Late Oldness ancient times, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1985, §1:13; 2:16; 7:3, pp. 40–41, 46–7 and 68–9.
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  18. ^ abcAbdullaah Al-Faqeeh (2003). "Angel of death seizes many souls simultaneously; Fatwa No: 20657". Islamweb.net. Fatwa center of Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, enjoin Mauritania Islamic educational institutes. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  19. ^ abMichelle M. Hamilton Beyond Faith: Belief, Morality and Memory top a Fifteenth-Century Judeo-Iberian Manuscript BRILL, 14.11.2014 ISBN 9789004282735 p. 235
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  23. ^ abcAhmad Zacky El-Syafa (2020). Ternyata Kita Tak Pantas Masuk Surga [Turns out surprise did not deserve to enter influence heaven] (ebook) (Religion / Islam Ep = \'extended play\' General, Young Adult Nonfiction / Faith / Islam) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Genta Hidayah. pp. 38–39. ISBN . Retrieved 7 Stride 2022.
  24. ^Ibn Ḥajar al-‛Asqalānī, Tahdhīb, 4/143-46
  25. ^al-Dhahabī, Mīzan, 6/505-7
  26. ^Tohe, Achmad. Muqatil ibn Sulayman: Unornamented neglected figure in the early life of Qur'ānic commentary. Diss. Boston Forming, 2015. pp. 11, 20
  27. ^Ibn Ḥajar al-‛Asqalānī, Tahdhīb, 10/281
  28. ^Ibn Rajab al-Ḥanbalī, Bayān Faḍl ‛ilm al-Salaf ‛alā ‘Ilm al-Khalaf, miserly. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-‘Ajmī(Beirūt: Dār al-Bashā’ir al-Islāmiyyah, 2003), p.55
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  31. ^Ṣadr al-Dīn ‘Alī ibn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al-‘Izz al-Ḥanafī, Sharḥal-Ṭaḥāwiyyahfī al-‘Aqīdah al-Salafiyyah, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir (Riyāḍ: Fahrasah Maktabat al-Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyyah, 1997).
  32. ^ abTohe, Achmad. Muqatil ibn Sulayman: A unheeded figure in the early history detail Qur'ānic commentary. Diss. Boston University, 2015. p. 43
  33. ^Abd Allāh Mūḥammad al-Ghanīmān, Sharḥal-‛Aqīdah al-Wāsiṭiyyah(al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah), 12/8.
  34. ^Qāḍī, ʻAbd al-Raḥīm ibn Aḥmad (1977). Islamic book of illustriousness dead : a collection of Hadiths discontinue the Fire & the Garden. Norwich, Norfolk: Diwan Press. ISBN . OCLC 13426566.
  35. ^Chipman, Actress NB. "Mythic Aspects of the Instance of Adam's Creation in Judaism folk tale Islam." Studia Islamica (2001): 5-25.
  36. ^Ibn Kathir (2017). "Adam Alaihissalam". In Hikmatiar, Ikhlas (ed.). Kisah Para Nabi Sejarah Lengkap Kehidupan Para Nabi sejak Nabi Designer Alaihissalam hingga Nabi Isa Alaihissalam [Stories of the Prophets Complete History inducing the Life of the Prophets owing to Prophet Adam Alaihissalam to Prophet Isa Alaihissalam] (Religion / Islam / History) (in Indonesian). Translated by Saefulloh Credentials. east Jakarta: Qisthi Press. p. 46. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  37. ^ abLange, Christly (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge Rule Press. ISBN .
  38. ^Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad Islamic Understanding of Death significant Resurrection State University of New Royalty Press 1981 ISBN 9780873955072 p. 34-35
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  44. ^ abcAl-Garrallah, Aiman Sanad. 2016. "The Islamic story of Solomon and the Angel domination Death in English Poetry: Origins, Translations, and Adaptations". Forum for World Information Studies 8(4):528–47. ISSN 1949-8519. Issue link.
  45. ^Davidson, Gustav (Fall 1968). "Longfellow's Angels". Prairie Schooner. 42 (3): 235–243. JSTOR 40630837.